Brain and consciousness.

Winds in the process of public life, consciousness at the same time - the product of the functioning of the biological organ - brain. This is spoken by numerous facts. For example, there is a close relationship between the development of the brain and the development of the psyche, the highest form of which is consciousness. So, if you compare such highly organized animals, as human monkeys and humans, it can be found that a chimpanzee has a brainstanty of 400 cu. See, and a modern person is 1400 cubic meters. See the increase in the size of the brain that happened in humans in the process of work, played a huge role in the emergence of consciousness.

The brain is an extremely complex system, through which the external world reflection and programming of human behavior is reflected. This is the reason that, in violation of the activities of some of its departments, in particular the cortex of the brain, serious disorders occur in mental functions, behavior, consciousness.

The value of the brain as an organ of consciousness is indisputable. Nevertheless, there were philosophers who questioned this output of natural science. So, F. Paulsen wrote that the provision that thinking was performed in the brain is meaningless; In his opinion, with the same right one can argue that thoughts are in the stomach or on the moon. Similar philosophy V. I. Lenin called "brainless philosophy".

Of course, it would be wrong to assume that the brain itself produces consciousness in the same way as the liver allocates bile. Even with a normally functioning brain, consciousness may not appear if there are no relevant social conditions. Thinking, knows the outside world does not brain itself, but a man with a brain.

Suppose one minute that we managed to separate the brain from the human body and maintain its physiological functions by placing in a certain physiological environment. Will there be a brain in this case? Obviously, no.

There are cases when the children got to the animals, and then it turned out that they could not talk, think, etc., although these children had a biologically normal brain and body. And nevertheless, people could not be called them. Moreover, the attempt to re-education such children, as a rule, ended in failure. They hardly mastered the speech, the skills of man and remained infallible until the end of their lives.

From this it can be seen that some biological factors - a normal brain and a healthy body - not enough for the emergence of consciousness. Consciousness of a person is formed only under the influence of social, social conditions.

To think and be a person, we must master public experience, knowledge, skills. The influence of social conditions is also manifested in changing the biological characteristics of a person, in particular, in changing the brain itself. Of course, an in-depth mistake would be to believe that in a person everything is social character. We cannot agree with J. Futer, who says: "A person is different from a man-monkey or chimpanzees not only by his personality, but also to everyone, right up to digestion and every of his blood ball" *. This is not true. Processes of blood circulation, breathing, nutrition and in humans are committed according to biological laws.

* D. Furst. Neurotic, its environment and inner world. M., 1957, p. 77.

At the same time, the human life in the public environment could not affect the mechanisms of its biological activity. For example, the nature of food, its preparation on fire causes functional changes in digestive organs. Large changes occurred with the brain. Human labor, speech communication with other people led to the development of those departments that are responsible for coordination and regulation of actions and speech. A specific addition to the highest nervous activity in a person was the formation of the so-called second signal system, which allows you to perceive generalized signals - words - and thereby thinking.

How do people absorb human experience? What role does the brain play in this? As before, it should be noted the importance of objective activities. Mastering social experience always requires a person action. So that the child was able to keep a spoon, he must let her go into the move. To learn how to swim, you have to go into the water and try to swim, etc. Upsee experience, learn - it means to master the actions with objects, and above all with those created in society. In particular, it is important to master the skills of labor operations, actions with the help of workers, cars. It is interesting to note that in the assimilation of social experience, a huge role belongs to children's games. The game reproduces adult activities; They play pilots, captains, doctors, etc. The game is useful not only to the fact that it gives pleasure to the child, but also the fact that in the process of the game the child "ends" into the system of human relations, acquires elementary experience in the objects.

So, the activity is needed and when perceiving the subject and with the assimilation of the ability itself to act. Perception and assimilation of experience - two sides of human development. The value of activities during the development of the skill will be that the person thereby becomes acquiring the experience, "emitted" in those subjects with which we operate. Marx wrote: "In the ordinary, material industry ... We have in front of the guise of sensual, other people's items, under the guise of the alienation of the defined ebony forces of a person" *. Acting with the objects and tools created in society, the person thus extracts (of course, with the help of other people already possessing a certain ability) the experience entered into them **.

For a child in the first stages of its development, real guns and items are replaced with a toy that embodies some features used in practical activities. Intentively about the use of toys, Hegel spoke to the child. The best use of toys by a child, he noted, is to break it. Breaking a toy, and then picking up the ability to collect her, the child produces the ability of practical analysis and synthesis. Later he will develop the ability to perform analysis and synthesis in mind, mentally. Occurs as psychologists say, interiorization of activity; External agency deployed activity is declining and enters the inner plan, the plan of mental operations5 30. Consequently, the ability of thinking is the result of an active attitude of a person to the outside world.

Similarly, the development of speech requires the activity of the subject. To own a speech - it means to be able to perceive words, suggestions and at the same time to utter them out loud or express in writing. Having learned said, it is not difficult to understand the idea that the perception of speech and its external expression is two sides of one phenomenon, closely related to each other. This is confirmed by numerous experiments. It was proved: when a person is listening, he simultaneously pronounces hearing words. This can, in particular, to establish on the registration of the articular apparatus, which in this case functions the same as in the case of foreign activities. All this means that in the process of mastering the speech, a person must learn some of the actions developed in society; In the event that he does not own them, he cannot correctly perceive speech. "Therefore, it is clear - A. Luria writes, - that for the auditory perception of speech, not only thin, but also systematized hearing is needed, and when this work on the allocation of essential, phonderatic signs falls out, speech ear is violated. It is due to these reasons to sharp hearing. The boundaries between the hearing and understanding of the speech fall. A person who does not own an alien language, not only does not understand, but does not hear him, does not allocate the sound flow of the members of this language from the sound stream, does not systematize the sounds of speech according to its laws.

* K. Marx and F. Engels. From the early works, p. 595.

** See: A. N. Leontyev. Thinking. "Philosophical Encyclopedia". M., 1964; His own: problems of the development of the psyche. M., Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1965.

*** See .. A. Vallon. From action to thought. M., Il, 1956; L. S. Vygotsky. Thinking and speech. M. - L., 1934; P. Ya. Halperin. Psychology of thinking and the doctrine of the phased formation of mental actions, Sat, "Studies of thinking in Soviet psychology", M., "Sciences, 1966.

Therefore, an unfamiliar language is perceived by a person as a stream of non-delicate noise, inaccessible not only for understanding, but also for clear auditory analysis "*.

* See: A. Luria. Higher Corner Functions of Human, M., Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1962, p. 89.

Consciousness of a person is consistent to the extent that a person comes into relations with other people. It is possible to master the experience and acquire the ability of thinking and speech only to master in society in society, forms of activity that are enshrined in labor instruments and in human-created subjects, as well as in the language.

We approached an extremely important and extremely difficult question: what is the feature of the mental reflection, which is the difference between it from the physiological processes of the brain. We will try to figure it out. In order to explain the essence of mental, you should choose a certain method of research. One of them consists in the desire of the interpretation of the mental, based on the identification of the picture of physiological changes that are performed in the brain.

Of course, physiological studies of the brain functions are of great importance for the science that studies human mental activity, consciousness processes - psychology, as well as for gnoseology. Modern psychology is a science, which, on the one hand, relies on the conclusions of social sciences, on the other, on physiology, medicine, biology. The question is whether it is possible that physiological studies can be considered sufficient to decipher the secretions or a person's psyche represent a particular phenomenon that is not conducible to physiological functions. It must be said that a number of scientists sometimes there are a tendency of mental information, consciousness to physiological processes, i.e. neurodynamic processes of initiation and braking.

And it can be understood. The physiologist, exploring the brain, is sent from a certain position that consciousness is the function of the brain, so it often seeks to find it in the brain itself. But how many physiologists either cut the scalpel brain, whatever subtle instruments to register the brain processes, he cannot be distinguished by a single thought. Therefore, he is often inclined to identify them with the processes of thinking.

This look shared some philosophers. In the last century, a large group of materialist philosophers appeared (Büchner, Fogt, Mollashot), who proved the materiality of consciousness.

They said that the brain allocates thought just like a bile liver.

Engels called such materialists with vulgar for their identification of consciousness with material processes and ignoring the specifics of the psyche. Nowadays, such a glance has undergone changes and in the frank form it is quite rare. Representatives of the title concept use various arguments. So, in particular, refer to the example of telepathy, which allegedly proved the materiality of thinking, showing the possibility of transmitting thoughts at a distance.

But if the psyche, consciousness is not nervous activity or energy generated by the brain, then what is it? The conclusion of some researchers who identify consciousness with nervous activity is based on the assumption that the body function should be in the organ itself, to be placed in it approximately as yolk in the egg. Such an idea of \u200b\u200bthe ratio of the function and the organ is not entirely correct. Take, for example, human labor. Labor is a function of hands, hands - a labor body. But it does not follow at all that labor operations are placed inside the arm itself. If we proceeded from such an understanding of the ratios of functions and organs, we would have to explain the essence of labor to search in physiology and anatomy of the hand. In this case, we would have been able to get numerous information about the hand, but we would not know anything about work: work is human activity. This is the impact of a person to the world around them by means of producing produced by human hand. It is possible to understand the labor process only by contacting the foreign average relationship of people, as well as given their connection with each other in the production process.

Obviously, in the case of clarification of the nature of consciousness, the psyche cannot be closed to us within the framework of the structure of the brain and its functions. Actually, for us this position should be quite understandable. Consciousness is not identical to physiological processes, as they do not reduce the physiology and anatomy of work.

But our analogy can give rise to the reader's question: Do we want a peculiarity of the psyche in the fact that she, like labor, is also a type of behavior, subject activity? This question is quite appropriate. In foreign psychology, behaviorism is extremely common, the characteristic feature of which is to mention the psyche, consciousness for behavior. Bihewicists say that the only accessible observation of the researcher is the behavior of an animal and man. The challenge is to, affect the animal incentive, study his reaction. The behavior of a person and an animal is their thinking.

So, for example, one of the founders of Biheviorism D. B. Watson - says that thinking "is essentially not different from the game of tennis, swimming and any other, directly observed activities, except that it is hidden from ordinary observation and in relation to Its components are at the same time and more complex and more abbreviated than even the most brave of us "*. The main function of thinking is in the adaptation of the body to the environment.

This view is adhered to later behaviorists **.

* J. B. W A T S O N. Psychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist. 2. ED. Philadelphia and London, 1924, r. 346.

** See: "The main directions of the study of psychology of thinking in capitalist countries." M., "Science", 1966, ch. Vi.

They deny the understanding of consciousness as an internal ideal, subjective reflective activity of the brain. According to behaviorists, physiology should be limited to the consideration of the "universal models of response" to external incentives. Thus, the cognitive side of consciousness is ignored.

One of the difficulties of knowledge of the psyche is that the images arising in human consciousness are not observed. Externally, you can observe the behavior of a person, his speech; When the researcher penetrates inside the brain, it records nervous processes. But neither to see nor to hear, nor alphabet, neither to seek consciousness even with the help of devices. The world of consciousness is not available to direct perception because the objects of objects do not have any of the physical properties that belong to the subjects reflected. For example, a rose smells, the image of the rose smell does not have, the fire is burning, the image of the fire does not have this property.

It is wrong to assume that the formation of an image is to transplancing the person's head of the most or its some features. The perception of the tree does not mean that such a tree, only smaller sizes, occurs in his head.

The feature of consciousness is that it is the ideal reflection of reality. The ideal consciousness is called because the images of a person, although they correspond to objective phenomena, do not enter into a single material property.

In order to understand the peculiarity of the cognitive image, it should be borne in mind: a cognitive image arises due to the fact that the brain processes mediate human objective activities. Any act of behavior, any operation is possible only due to the fact that the basis of the movement is the neurodynamic processes flowing in the central nervous system. In turn, physiological mechanisms are formed on the basis of subject's subject. All this means that brain systems, or, as they are often called, brain patterns are functional representatives of external influences that carry information on external events. Such systems should be called functional because they fulfill the role of physiological mechanisms of behavioral acts due to their information content. Therefore, although functional systems are formed due to certain energy transformations, their content, information is not reduced to energy. The latter is only a reflection of external phenomena. As the signal content, it is not coordinated to its material form and consciousness, the psyche cannot be identified with those neurodynamic processes, thanks to which they are formed.

One more important feature of a subjective image, consciousness can be noted. Like animals and a person in the psyche, it is not reflected in the state of the brain, not its physiological processes, but an external world. Otherwise, how wonderfully notes L. Feyerbach, the cat would not have rushed to the mouse, but would scratch his own eyes to claws. If a person had no sensations, perceptions, he would not have seen, did not hear, did not say, did not touch. Feelings are associated with a person with the outside world. With the help of thoughts, he reflects his patterns. One of the differences of consciousness from images on the TV screen, mirrors, etc. It is that subjective images seems to open the subject to the outside world. Neither the TV nor the mirror see the objects depicted on their surface.

They are only available to a person.

The human brain is a strikingly complex education, the finest nervous apparatus. This is an independent system and at the same time the subsystem included in the combination of a holistic organism and is functioning in unity with it, which regulates its internal processes and relationships with the outside world. What facts irrefutably prove that it is the brain that is a body of consciousness, and the consciousness is the function of the human brain?

First of all, the level of reflective-structural ability of consciousness depends on the complexity of the brain organization. The brain of primitive, herd man was poorly developed and could serve as a body of only primitive consciousness. The brain of the modern person, formed as a result of a long biosocial evolution, is a complex organized body. The dependence of the level of consciousness on the degree of organization of the brain is also confirmed by the fact that the child's consciousness is formed, as is well known in connection with the development of its brain, and when the brain of a deep elder is dragging, the functions of consciousness are faded.

Normal psyche is impossible outside the normally functioning brain. As soon as the sophisticated structure of the organization of matter of the brain is also being broken and the structure of the organization of the brain is destroyed. When the frontal shares are damaged, patients cannot produce and carry out complex behaviors; They do not have sustainable intentions and easily excited by side irritants. Under the defeat of the occiput and dark departments of the left hemisphere cortex, orientation in space, operating with geometrical relationships, etc. It is known how the spiritual world of personality is deformed, and often its complete degradation occurs if a person systematically poison his brain alcohol, drugs.

Experimental data of various sciences, such as psychophysiology, physiology of higher nervous activity, etc., irrefutably suggests that consciousness is inseparable from the brain: it is impossible to separate the thought from matter that thinks. The brain with its complex biochemical, physiological, nervous processes is a material substrate consciousness. Consciousness is always associated with these processes in the brain and there is no other than them. But they do not make up the essence of consciousness. The reflection of things, their properties and relations in the brain, of course, does not mean their movement to the brain or the formation of their physical prints in it like prints in the wax. The brain is not deformed, does not shine, does not cool when solid, blue and cold items are affected. An experienced image of an external thing is something subjective, perfect. He is not reduced to any material object outside the brain, nor to the physiological processes that occur in the brain and generate this image. Ideal there is nothing but a material, "transplanted" into the human head and transformed in it.

The spiritual world of man is impossible to observe or see nor hear, nor discover any instruments or chemical reactors. No one has yet found any thoughts in the human brain: thought, ideal does not have existence in the physical and physiological sense of the word. However, thoughts, ideas are real. They exist. Therefore, it is impossible to consider the idea of \u200b\u200bsomething "invalid." However, its reality, reality is not material, but ideal. This is our inner world, our personal, individual consciousness, as well as the whole world of "proper" spiritual culture of humanity, that is, externally objectified ideal phenomena. Therefore, it is impossible to say that more is more - matter or consciousness. Matter - objective, and consciousness - subjective reality.

Consciousness belongs to a person as a subject, not an objective world. There is no "drawing" sensations, thoughts, feelings. Every feeling, thought, the idea is a feeling, thought, the idea of \u200b\u200ba particular person. The subjectivity of the image is by no means an arbitrary introduction of something from the subject: the objective truth is also a subjective phenomenon. At the same time, subjective acts in the sense of incomplete adequacy of the image of the original.

The content of the mental image of the subject is determined not by an anatomy-physiological organization of a person and not by the fact that a learning entity finds directly in nature on the basis of its individual experience. Its content is the synthetic characteristic of the object obtained during the subject-transformative activity. This opens the principle of objective study of consciousness: it can be hurt through the forms of its identification in sensitly practical activities.

Subjective image as knowledge as spiritual reality and physiological processes as its material substrate - qualitatively different phenomena. The lack of understanding of this qualitative specificity gave rise to a mechanical tendency of their identification. The absolutization of the specifics of consciousness as a subjective image generates a tendency to oppose the perfect and material and bring opposition to the complete decay of the world into two substances - spiritual and material.

Consciousness and objective world opposites forming unity. Its basis is the practice, sensual objective activities of people. It is she who gives rise to the need for a mental conscious reflection of reality. The need for consciousness, and at the same time consciousness, which gives the right reflection of the world, lies in the conditions and requirements of life itself.

41. The doctrine of truth. The objectivity of the truth criteria of truth.

Usually the truth is determined as a meeting of the object. Truth is an adequate inform about the object obtained by NGO sensual or intellectual comprehension or a message about it and characterized in terms of its accuracy. So True is a subjective reality in its inform and value aspects. Value for knowledge of the measure of its truth. The truth is properties, not the object of knowledge.

Knowledge is reflected and existing in the form of a sensual or conceptual image. The image may not only reflect the cash, but also the past. And the future - can it be reflections? Is it possible to evaluate as a true idea speaking in the form of a plan? Apparently no. Of course, the idea is based on knowledge. And in this sense, he relies on true. However, the idea is estimated in terms of expediency and realizability, and not the term of truth or falsity.

So The truth is determined as an adequate reflection of the object with a cognitive subject, which reproduce the reality, what it is in itself, outside and regardless of consciousness. The truth is an adequate reflection of reality in the dynamics of its resvisia. This gives it a particular value associated with the prognostic dimension. True knowledge gives people the opportunity to reasonably organize their aperture actions in the present and foresee the future.

But mankind rarely reaches the truth otherwise, as through extremes and erroins. Miscending is the content of consciousness, the corresponding reality, but acceptable for true. Miscellaneous also reflect, though one-sided, objective reality, have a real expression. In any fiction contains a reality thread. The delusions are caused by the relative freedom of choosing ways of knowledge, the complexity of the solved problem, the desire to implement the intentions in the situation of incomplete information.

So delusions also have a brine and psychological, and the social foundation. But they should be distinguished from lies as a moral and psychological phenomenon. Lies are a distortion of the actual state of affairs, aimed at introducing someone to deception. Lit from MB as a fabrication about what was not, and the conscious concealment of what was. Source Lie M.B. And logically incorrect muscular.

Scientific cognition is inherently impossible without a collision of various opinions, beliefs, as well as impossible and without errors. Errors are often accomplished during observation, measurement, calculations, judgments, estimates. Until the people seek forward, he wanders, "said Goethe.

Much more complicated in societies Nuki in particular in history. Here and the availability of sources and their accuracy and politics.

The truth is historical. The concept of finite or unchanged truth is just a ghost. Any object of cognition is inexhaustible, it changes, the settlement of a multitude of properties and is connected by the Bescon of the number of links with the environment. Each level of knowledge is limited by the level of development of society, science ... Scientific knowledge Therefore, the relative nature. Recalls the knowledge to cry in their incompleteness and probabilistic character. True is therefore relative, for it is not fully reflected, not a comprehensive way. The relative truth is limited-faithful knowledge about anything.

The absolute truths include reliably established facts, dates of events, birth, the death of the ITD. ABS truth is such a content of knowledge, the cat is not refuted by the subsequent development of science, and is enriched and constantly confirmed by life.

The term absolute is used and and to any belong to the truth: because it is objective, then the moment the moment contains something absolute. And in this sense, any truth is absolutely relative. The development of any truth is the increase in the moments of absolute. NOWS NO THEORY OF THEORY Theory are more complete and deep compared to previous ones. But the truths are not discharged under the slopes of the old history, and complement, specify or include them as the moments of more general and the terminus. (Theore refers Einstein and Newtonian mechanics).

The specificity is the property of truth based on the knowledge of real connections, the interaction of all parties to the object, the main, existing properties, the tendations of its development. So the obstacles or the falsity of certain judgments are not M.B. Installation If the conditions of the site, times are not known ..., in the cat they are sprumulated. The judgment, correctly reflect the object in the given conditions, becomes false in terms of the same object in other circumstances. (Boiling water at 100 degrees).

Each object along with common features is endowed with individuals features. Because of this, along with the generalized, a specific approach to the object is also needed: no abstraction of truth, it is always concrete. Is the principles of mechanics true for example? Yes, but in the best limits. And so for any truth.

What gives people a guarantee of the beliefness of knowledge? Descartes, Spinosa, Leibniz - Crete of Truth Clarity and Certificate of Thinking. Example: Square has 4 sides. However, clarity and evidence is the subject of the state of consciousness and they need a support for something more durable.

Such a critic of truths, as a general adequacy, was put forward: truth is that the equity of the majority is. However, remember Copernicus. He was right, and the rest - no.

Essence and pragmatic criterion of truth: True ideas are those cats work well. (Useful) What works better on us, leads us, which is best suited to every part of life and connected with the entire set of our experience. If the God appeared to satisfy these criteria - then they are true.

Crete truth cry in practice. It is in practice that a person must prove the belief, i.e. The reality of your thinking. One of the principles of thinking reads: some provision is true, if it is possible to prove whether it applies in a particular situation. This principle is expressing in terms of realizability. Through the implementation of the idea in the Pratic action, knowledge is commensy, compared with his object, thereby identifying the real measure of objectivity, the truth of its concern.

In Kach, the criterion of truth is the practice of the slave not only as an object. It stands in indirect form - as a logic, heard in the horn of practice. It can be said that logic is a mediated potacination. Our mind is disciplined by the logic of things reproduced in the Logic of the Stratic Action and the entire spirit of culture.

We must not forget that practice cannot fully confirm or refute any prevention, knowledge. "Atom of the Week" - it was considered many centuries and the practice confirmed this. Practice keeps silence as to what is outside of its historically limited features. However, it is developing constantly, improving. In the process of developing true knowledge, the increase in its science and practice are increasingly acting in an inseparable unity.

The organ coordinating and regulating human mental activity is a brain. All movements, feelings, desires and thoughts of people are associated with the work of the brain and if its functioning is violated, this affects the state of a person: it is lost its ability to any actions, sensations or reactions to external influences.
The brain is a symmetric structure consisting of two hemispheres, the surface of which is covered with furrows and shorals that increase the surface of the crust - the outer layer of the brain. The cerebellum is located behind, and below the large hemispheres are the brain barrel, which goes into the spinal cord. Nerves depart from the trunk and spinal cord, according to which information from the internal and external receptors flows to the brain, and there are signals to muscles and glands in the opposite direction. 12 pairs of accelera brain nerves depart from the brain. The brain of a newborn man weighs an average of 0.3 kg, and an adult is 1.5 kg. Although it is approximately 2.5% of the body weight, the brain constantly comes 20% of blood circulating in the body and, accordingly, oxygen. The human brain contains about 10 billion nerve cells that send pulses to other cells through special contacts - synapses. Each second, millions of pulses pass through synapses: this is the basis of our thoughts, feelings, emotions and memory.
The important role of the brain in the functioning of the psyche, gives rise to the appearance of the exercises that believe that the brain produces, develops consciousness and what exactly in the structure and features of the brain lies the mystery of consciousness. In the XIX century, the German scientist Wagner tried to prove the relationship between the genius of some people and the peculiarities of their brain. It was waiting for disappointment: on the external signs of the structure of the brain, it is impossible to say anything about personality. I.S.Turgenev's brain weighed 2000 grams, and Anatol France is 1000 grams. Louis Pasteur at the age of 46 suffered hemorrhage to the brain, significantly destroyed the right hemisphere. And yet he actively lived and worked for another 27 years.
The brain mechanism has long been identified and can be explained using a simple example. When we take the fingers a handle lying on the table, the light reflected from the handle, focusing in the eye lens and is transmitted to the retina, where the image of the handle occurs. It is then perceived by the corresponding nerve cells transmitting the signal to the sensitive core cores located in the visual bug (Talamus). There, in turn, numerous neurons respond to the distribution of light and darkness are activated. In the occipital fraction of the hemispheres of the brain there is a primary visual bark. The impulses that came to her from Talamus, in a complex sequence of discharges of cortical neurons, one of which react to the border between the handle and the table, others - on the corners in the handle image, etc. From the primary visual cortex information enters the associative visual bark, where the handle image is recognition. This recognition is based on pre-accumulated knowledge about the external outlines of items. At the stage of traffic planning, in this case, the taking of the handle, the motor neurons located in the frontal part of the brain, give the team muscles and fingers. The approach of the hand to the handle is controlled by a visual system. When we take the handle in your hand, the receptors in the tips of the fingers, perceive the pressure, report, whether the fingers clapped well and how much should be to keep it. If we want to write with a handle your name, you will need to activate another information stored in the brain, providing this more complex movement, and the auditorium will help increase its accuracy.
Thus, the fulfillment of the simplest action is associated with a rather complex work of the brain. With more complex forms of behavior associated with speech or thinking, other neural chains are activated, covering even more extensive areas of the brain.
In the XIX century, materialistic concepts were popular, trying to reduce consciousness to human brain activity. German doctor and naturalist Ludwig Buchner insisted that the consciousness is identical to the physico-chemical movement of the brain substance. His compatriot Jacob Mesmahott compared the thought with the movement of the world and argued that consciousness had a physiological nature. Karl Pokht in "physiological letters" wrote that the thought is in the same way to the brain, as bile to the liver. "In accordance with these views, which received the name" vulgar materialism ", the consciousness is nothing but a subclass of physical processes, flowing into the brain.
In the twentieth century, on the wave of achievements in such sectors of science, as physiology, psychology, mathematical logic, neurobiology and cybernetics, in Western philosophy, a course called "scientific materialism" appeared in Western philosophy. The main problem is the ratio of matter and consciousness, which is solved in the traditions of materialism of the XIX century. That is, all mental phenomena are reduced to "scientific materialism" to physiological processes. However, the degree of rigidity of this information varies depending on the scientific specialization of representatives of "scientific materialism". In this regard, the following varieties are distinguished:
Reductive materialism (from lat. Reductio: Return, pushing back) reduces mental phenomena, condition and processes to a subclass of physical phenomena, states and processes.
Eliminate materialism (Lat. Eliminare - to bear out for the threshold, to drive out) believes that consciousness is nothing but a brain that acts as an intermediary of external or internal incentives for the body of incentives and motor, emotional and ideal human reactions. Mental processes (and consciousness including) is what arises in man as a result of the impact of certain incentives. One of the representatives of the "eliminitive" materialism Australian philosopher David Armstrong proposed the theory in which mental phenomena is interpreted as the forms of the language description of neurophysiological processes.
Cybernetic materialism proposes to consider mental phenomena as the abstract functional properties and conditions of the living system by analogy with the functioning of the computer.
"Emergen" materialism (from the English. Emergence - the emergence, the appearance of a new one) allows the independence of the psyche and consciousness as the attributes of the material substance. Thus, the Argentine philosopher and physicist Mario Bunge believes that the psyche is a systemic property of neural brain structures, and American Joseph Margolis believes that consciousness is an integral property of matter, which in the process of evolution acquires cultural properties.
The successes of modern science in explaining the mechanisms of functioning of the human brain, they were embodied in the rapid development of cybernetics. Modern production and everyday life of people are unthinkable without "smart" machines and devices that facilitate human labor or replacing it. This gave reason to statements that in the future the creation of "artificial consciousness" is possible, no different from human consciousness. From a philosophical point of view, the soil for these statements is the incorrect interpretation of communication between consciousness and the brain.
Philosophy believes that the highly developed human brain is one of the prerequisites for the formation and functioning of consciousness. On other prerequisites, no less important than the developed brain include social environment, language and labor.

Showing another shooting "from" and "To" I am happy with the feelings of young and offering the audience to expand your understanding of yourself, our feelings, and other people. The accompanying photographs of the test will go a lecture "Consciousness and Brain". I hope that my trials for the translation of lectures into the text someone will bring joy. I hope that I am not alone in my interest in popular science materials.

Fair truth about places for wedding photo sessions in 2015-20

Much has changed in recent years. Popular lists of "places for wedding photo sessions" lost all kinds of relevance. The reason is that Moscow has been transformed. The streets have become more "European", even with a raid "Novodel". The broken asphalt disappeared, there were wide sidewalks. Now it is possible to arrange a walk everywhere.

I will add that a significant part of hotels ranging from the Metropol and Ukraine will be happy to provide the possibility of a photo shoot in their luxurious lobby and gratitude for attention to their services. Also, many lofts and studios are glad to newlyweds. But it may be possible to look at the choice of location and more traditionally.

It is logical to consider places on the territorial principle. Avoid ride in Arkhangelsk from Podolsk. On the wedding day it is more logical to surrender to emotions, and avoid traffic jams.

If you certainly want to take photos in some very distant place, it is possible to agree with the photographer, take friends and go, for example, in a month - after the wedding tour. It will be interesting, and without fuss.

So, the question "where to go?" Today is ousted by another, more important, familiar to everyone in V.R.L.

"What to do?"

You must answer this. Yes, any wedding agency will offer ready-made recipes, scenarios and plots that everything is in Tyrnema. Invent something your own. Less spending on a banalcine - more creativity! Such an approach and will be a trend of the 20s.

Maybe let's release balls from an unknown soldier? Or will you eat sandwiches / cake / wedding on the editorship? Or will you play a batch in badminton from LeninskyBibele? Or we ride on the carousels or arrange a photo session in some museum? Or on skating / rollers ride? Or skiing / summer lines? Or start a copter? Or will we have horses? Or motorcycles? Or put trees? Or ... AAA .. Wedding photographer is silent.

Modern science comes from the ideas about the biological unity of an animal and man. And because of this, there are sometimes conclusions about the complete analogy of mental processes in humans and animals. But the consciousness of a person arose and developed in close dependence, with the emergence and development of the human brain, the level of reflectivity of consciousness depends on the level of complexity of the brain.

The main function of the human brain is the storage and processing of information obtained by a person in the process of cognitive activity. The human brain is symmetrical (hemisphere), but there is a great difference in the functionality between hemispheres.

The left hemisphere is responsible for all types of speech activities (understanding, speaking), ensures the processes of speech and writing, reading, performs countable operations, refers an object to certain classes.

The right hemisphere controls the orientation in his own body (perception of spatial relations, proper coordination).

Consciousness not only reflects reality, but also allows you to express certain relationships. Therefore, the structure of consciousness includes: memory, emotions, feeling, will, motivation.

Spirkin Concept

Consciousness refers to the ability of the ideal reflection of reality, the transformation of the objective content of the subject in the subjective content of the human mental life.

Consciousness is not just an image, but a mental (ideal) form of activity, which is focused on the reflection and transformation of reality.

Consciousness is the highest peculiar to the human only and related to the speech function of the brain, consisting in a generalized, estimated and targeted reflection and transformation of reality, as well as in the preliminary mental construction of actions and the foresee of their results.

Ivanov's concept (consciousness in Ivanovo)

Ivanov presents a field of consciousness in the form of a circle. Each sector is responsible for a specific function.

First Sector: Sphere of body and perceptual abilities and knowledge obtained on them. These abilities include: sensations, perception, specific ideas with which a person receives primary information about the external world, about his own body and its relationship with other bodies. The main purpose of this sphere of knowledge is the usefulness and feasibility of the behavior of the human body in the world of the surrounding natural, social, human bodies.

Second sector: Logical and conceptual components of consciousness. With the help of thinking, a person goes beyond the direct sensory given to the essential levels of knowledgeable objects. This sphere includes: general concepts, analytical synthetic thought operations, rigid logical evidence. The main goal is the truth.

1 and 2 sectors form an external-cognitive component of consciousness.

The third sector: it is associated with the emotional component of consciousness. It is devoid of communicating with the outside world. This is a sphere of personal, subjective psychological experiences, memories, premonitions. This sphere includes:

· Instinective and affective states (premonition, inadequate experiences, stress, hallucinations)

· Emotions (anger, fear, delight)

· Feelings that are distinguished by greater durability (pleasure, love, sympathy, antipathy)

The main purpose of the sphere is the principle of pleasure.

Fourth Sector: The value-motivational component. It contains the highest motives of activities and spiritual ideals of the individual, as well as the ability to form their formation and creative understanding in the form of fantasies, imagination. The main purpose of the sector is beauty, truth and justice.

3 and 4 sectors form the value-emotional component of consciousness.

The problem of consciousness is associated with the issue of self-awareness. It is believed that the subject consciousness is focused on the understanding of the surrounding person of the world, with a self-consciousness, the subject makes the object itself. The object of analysis becomes their own ideas, thoughts, feelings, experiences, goals, actions, position in the family and the team.

Sources of consciousness

1. External subject and spiritual world, natural social and spiritual phenomena, which are reflected in consciousness in the form of conceptual images

2. Socio-cultural environment, general concepts, ethical and aesthetic installations, social ideals, legal norms accumulated by the Company's knowledge

3. The spiritual appearance of the individual, his own unique experience of life, experiences, i.e. In the absence of immediate external influences, a person is able to rethink its past, control its future

4. Brain. The chemical biological state of the brain is one of the factors affecting the nature of the perception of the world.

5. Space information and semantic field (the brain takes information from space)

Unconscious

consciousness Brain Peace Human

Along with the consciousness, in the psyche of man there is a scope of the unconscious.

The unconscious is a combination of mental phenomena and actions that lie outside the sphere of human mind, scoreless and not subsubricible (at the moment) on the part of knowledge. The unconscious refers:

Hypnotic state

The state of insaneness

Reservations, etc.

All that is not currently in the focus of personality consciousness, but can be included in consciousness through memory, should not be attributed to the unconscious.

Instincts can generate and generate subconscious desires, emotions, volitional impulses, but later they can get into the sphere of consciousness, and can happen on the contrary. The so-called "automatons" and intuition can be born through consciousness, but then go into the sphere is unconsciously.

Unconscious on Freud.

Z. Freud came to the conclusion about essentially important, and sometimes even the decisive role of the unconscious. The psyche of a person on Freud has three spheres: "It", "I", "super-aya".

"It" is the sphere of the unconscious, in which various biological influences are concentrated: the attachments of a sexual nature, and the idea displaced from the consciousness. It is dominated by the principles of pleasure, pleasure.

"I" - the sphere of conscious, a kind of mediator between the unconscious influences of man and the external reality, the cat. Includes natural and social environment. The level of "I" seeks to replace the principle of enjoying the principle of reality, although it does not always succeed.

"Super-Aya" - intrapersonal conscience, the installation of society, ideals, norms, values, i.e. a kind of moral censorship.

"I" seeks to be an intermediary between the world and "it" and for the world "it".

Freud exaggerated the meaning of the unconscious. Freud exaggerated the meaning of "it" towards "I" and said that a person is forced to constantly torment and break between biological influences and aware of social norms. According to Freud, the biological unconscious is determining.

G. Yung in the sphere of unconscious allocated the so-called "archetypes". If the complexes of experiences displaced from consciousness into the unconscious in Freud is the result of individual life, then the archetypes of Jungi are associated with the collective life of people and are fixed in the life of a person, transmitting from generation to generation.

Archetype "Shadow" - represents an image of a low and antisocial in man.

Archetype "Person" - a mask, under it hid an archetype "Shadow", her very often uses a person to hide the antisocial essence.

Archetype "Anime" - the women's start of a man.

Archetype "Animus" - Male Start of Women

They lead as mutual understanding of men and women, but they can lead to mental crises when incomprehension of idealized ideas with a real person.

The archetype "self" - predetermines the entire vital activity of a person aimed at achieving values \u200b\u200band the unity of compounds of its parts.

Unconsciously and conscious are two relatively independent parties of a single psychological reality of a person. Contradictions often arise between them, conflicts, but they are still interrelated, interact with each other and are able to achieve harmonious unity.

Language and thinking

Language is a specific method of person - the way of being consciousness. It serves to record, reproduction, transmission and admission of thought. Although thoughts usually arise to their linguistic expression, they acquire their clarity thanks to their language. You can select 2 f-nations of the language:

thinking

Thinking is a complex multifaceted mental process having its own structure. From the point of view of the method of its external expression, it highlights 2 forms:

major inner speech, short-sized thinking, externally expressed silence.

Physically pronounced form of reflection, having a verbal or cleaving species, forms of words, gestures and facial expressions (verbal and non-verbal)

Thinking can be classified and depending on the nature of those objects, the cats reflects:

specific thinking, which is expressed in terms, words, signs denoting separate specific things. This type of thinking is associated with material reality.

Abstract thinking expressed in generalizing, abstract concepts denoting invisible links between species, classes, classes of objects and phenomena. It is separated from material reality.

And abstract and concrete thinking is expressed in signs, symbols, words, oral and written speech, in the language.

Language - material Wed-in the expression of the perfect spirit, consciousness, thinking.

Types of languages:

speech shape - oral and written speech

sneven - Mimic, gestures, television.

Special languages \u200b\u200b- language sciences (mat., Him.)

Various system of alarm systems - road signs, marine signals, schemes.

Language could occur only in society, i.e. He is socially determined. Language, as a means of communication plays an important role in publicly labor activity of people.

The common between consciousness and language is that they are 1) historically arose at the same time, i.e. Ideas cannot exist separately from the language. 2) and thinking and the language of the yavl-smi product of a long socio-historical process. Language and thinking are not identical.

the word reflects only the essence of the subject, not the whole subject, with all its diverse properties. The thought covers a greater number of properties of the subject.

In Troika, consciousness, word, reality, the word occupies a median position, associating consciousness with reality. Thus, the word affects both thinking (explaining it), and for reality (transformation).

Thought - fleeting, unstable, mortal. The word is more stable, stably and immortally. Word - Sparrow - crashes - you can't catch.