Peter Great: Personality and reform. The Cradle of the Russian Army stood the first Russian emperor to all quite known in which blissful decree
Faofan Prokopovich
The word on the praise of Blessed and the everlasting memory of Peter Velikago,
The emperor and the autocrat of the All-Russian, and so on, and other, on the day of the aochimenitia, its preached in the reigning St. Petersburg, in the church of the smallest trinity, the Holy Governments of the Synod with the Vicherapyrendite, Hispanish Fauofan, the Archbishop of the Pskov and Narva Day, about the sons of Russian, before us, the great matter of joy , now, incessant sorrow and sadness is harmless, the day of the asoimenitis of Peter Velikago! Russia was previously triumphed, thanks to the viewing of God for the monarch given to himself, Pervago Tolikia Glory in the king of the Russian first apostle Teesomennago and not the name of Sie Wevago, firm in faith, fasten in business and both for the statement of the Fatherland and for the debugging of our soup Kamenia is incongure. Now this day, shopping is rejection to us, but we have already taken from us, our hearts, they have not darkened from our sorriate, and there is no more fellow. But what benefits a very defeating disease, when you do not refund, which we have deprived! Whether it is not better for us to make us that we should and Peter should we: that is, to offer a glorious talent on Wednesday, and Petrov's actions. We will show that this memory will show, a spectacle made us, and the ladies will arise in us. Obache, about the hearing, inconsidered us wonderful husband of this performed the spirit, that is, the tightness, courage and in the Christian philosophy of Carnago, such a spirit and this, the last listening thing to him to commit. Mourn and networks, but not prone foster; We cry and sobble, but not I am kind of desperate; Turkish from the sore heart, but not a nonya and feelings who have lost. Multiple to blame us, yes, we do not default the brainstress, which we have enveloped us, and the whole light is quite surprised by this father, our Peter is the great. Requires that from us free not to power Tokmo, but also the strength of his dignity; requires slave and sown thanks to our; It requires the Napaurous Yeah of God, the great benefits of God. Offering Petrova, offering, offering the works of God, which is preached throughout the selenal; We will default, then we are with the departure of the deputy dishwasher they are, taco and the silence of ungrateful God we will appear. For the sake of the sake of, fulfilling the strength of our ownership and starting to some Petrova Glory narration (to a certain, verb, narration, unequal and dissatisfied, who can be pleased with), pray and ask for a Christ-christ activity about what the hearers are usually asked, That is, it is not enough to hear to hear, but that recalling before, and the courageous, and lovely, and Petrov's heart like the generosity and patience, herself would have hearing the toligaya whom the performer left us, at the end of the soul, not to weaken. First and the Napa tested to you in the first place, which is our monarchy, the power of Sulnago heirs. Fur beat the unbearable illness to your famous all in the female flesh of your courage, hold the patiently smelled in my heart your turn and weapons, your soul passing. More than bo and before, by Peter in the Great and Hard Higheries, and everyone, fears are courageously despised, the united samago disassemble you crushed, - then who to confimate the current bitterness, Peter is leaving the one in you. For the sake of the sake of the sake of hearing of Petrov Affairs, I glorify your heart to your heart and only dedication to the extreme generosity of the lane. I also hope that the narrative of the sim not tokmo will excite themselves to thanksgiving God's mercy, a lot of us in Peter, and Peter, a lot of the greatness of God who acted, but in the real sorrow we will receive a reflection and consolation. Not so much, about the Russian sons, I didn't leave us our father, Aki would have taken away with my own, but left unfortunate wealth left us and various dating: the OSO in the teaching and the image, the OU and in the deeds, the Great and Credit. Difficulty only will be overlooking how it would hug and imagine a word, but a brief and low-oxus. Breeding the length cloud of the strength and deeds of the virtuous, and that the first thing is that the afterwards to say, but what to remember what is for brevity and leave, perplex. Let's look at a dual position and the case, the first, Iko is just a king, the second, Iko king Christianskago, and what and colic in both it seemed to be, something, whether and imperfectly, to say rather. The chin and the order of this word of this we are visible from Program Jesus Syrahov, who, praising David Tsar, first remembers the works of His man, the fatherland used, then the Bologoslovskaya affairs, the blessing and the church have a better friendly. We will see the first on the works of the monarch of our aquet would simply be human, although not much in a person, such a thing is acquired and from the benefit of our wholeland, the brainstorming heritage, created. And to this great case, the need has a monarch, it's not one of the name to carry my name, the needs of Aki two some are not bodily, but intelligent hands - power, verb, military and mind political: one of them to protect the state, and the other to the good state management . And obscenely by the hands of this nursing, it is impossible and the two hands of two things are causing a bump, but still arranging and solid to do; It is better to say that such a person needs to be a shaved man: he would be in the case of a military and brave military, and in the case of the ruler womb and diligent. Is there a lot of those sovereign in the stories of the clothes? And Peter is our, and will be in the last eyelids of the same story, and the wonderful realist and faith superior. Does it see his power of military? With the nature of the eager for weapons and hot to the military fire, in an adolescent age as played and what was amused? Led and build the shelves, create fortresses and tigales to get, and defend, and the wild battle fights, then his fun and fun, then his infant playing. And what is very popular when it was not time to be a military student to him, he is already aki's old teacher, the premature misfortune of Yako is weak to defend, but Tokmo to the ruin of the Fatherland is a strong learning, despise and retain, and put a new regulance. And if such matters from the Romans of the ancients, the pagan superstition of blinded, appeared, Wsy would believe that he was born from Mars. Soon then kid and not satisfying earthly hikes showed him. Wested on the occasion or more wondering of God's Botik, the tree then desposed, now the copper, Toligaya trembled in the extensive heart hunt for navigation, which could not calm down, the dongezh did not reach perfect waterlessness. Who is not surprised, as soon as soon as hell highly jumped out of the adolescent! In the fun war, AKI in direct and great having learned, the Aki Raspiyaniy's way refined, and it was called from the European Polls to the Confederation to the Turk, they did not wait for the undertakings of them, rushing at Lutago ONGO Sugrute of Christ and the leaving of his strong shields - Cezkermen, where the strength and commandment, and azov, where the face and action, was present. He left a lot of high spirits and shown in Mori Black Fleet, Dotol unheard of, in fear and in the sum of the sum. And the Taco is not the fatherland of the Tokmo, but the whole Christianity defender seemed. And there he stretched his whole spirit there. His strong intention was to parathy and kill the Dragon Magomets or the Pone to expel him from Paradise Vostochnago. And the most appropriate to the aspiration was, whether you were, about the kind of Europe, there was a lag and customs behind your own, that is, disagreement and zeal, and it would be no detention of each other in the general disaster, but prompted. But God wondered in Sudzhah his favor in Peter, the power and glory of Russian and the world all surprising, the preventation of the Tour War did not learn from him, but he had prevenged his blessing. Framed by Bo from the south, I had a storm from the north, the War of Swedish flashed. Oh and the name is terrible! Swedish war! Where in the world is heard that Russia with the Swedes joined the war, according to said that Russia came to Russia. And how was it wrong? The Swedish power of Europe was terrible, and the Russian barely certain power might have nimble. What is done? Many of many about the extreme fall in the Russian prophecy is quite false. But it is not enough. There would be a false prophecy, at least we, struggling with the enemy, equal to side and unrequisition sent. But then done, about which no one to protrude about anything, but why no one hoped. For in addition that not a powerful, and unusual to war, and another letter, taco, the gunnago, a beginner host entered into breaking with strong, and long been skillful, and everywhere a single sound of weapons of their fear and trembling weared, still so unequal cases and The circumstances and behaviors of both parties were arose that the enemy was powerful our already for their own, and we were not despairing our difficult. Not one way were forced to do shouting, not on one, but in many places to enter the actions, in Ingria, Karelia, in Natonia, in Livonia, in Kurlendia, in Lithuania, in Poland, then in white, and in small Russia, even then in Moldova (for the war and the Turkish, from Swedish burned, the Swedish fire and thunder can come together), even at the same time in Pomerania, and Holt, and in Finland, and in other countries. Someone is thoughtful as the nasty side, many places have been to pass the need, and Tako and they are equal to them, equal and sobes, - but the one who has not seen it was equal: that was equal to that Many splashes were disagreeed with them, there were damages from there. Look at Saxony; Where there is an explicit and actual friendship, Tamo us or a supporting friendship, or a famous feud and controversy. Look at Poland; And who received they are refuge and protection, we suffered a strong height. Look at the port of Ottoman; In this same, in so distress hikes, what actions have been? Is it all soles, what did Russia have happened before? All other things: Multi-shaped and diverse there were feats and battles not with one people and not alone military regulators, not only on the Earth, but also on Mori. Also to get nasty and to defend themselves in fasteners; To get them in the fasteners of solid, to defend themselves in the stump and weak. So much to see the difficulties were that in the war many were wars. And how briefly imagine is possible all the disasters? There is some kind of pregnant, and it seems that, although there is a lot of things, only in all of all, and Ce is another clouds. What is boo and colic, - what I just did not say! Nasty monarch soon came to humble and broke the two of our allies and one of them was sitting in quietly, and a friend from the throne turned up: losing the sameness to him, and we help. But then it still judges who is not great. What is when and internal Russian forces began to be tormented! Riot Donskiy, Bun Astrakhan, Mazepine Treason - Is there an internal Torzania? Is the wrongness of the disease? And so that it came to that, it was not just not just a strong war, but the sick judgment of Russia with Schwäqiyu, who walked to be prevented. Inc., - Slide, Hearing, - Caucar and Colikago of the Sovereign Onoy Tol, tolly time required? Multidigo spent and multicago, or a lot of multi-storey, and for many places and affairs to share yourself mighty. The same thing was Peter our! Peter is our strength, who, and by death, courage! Peter - our glory, who, before the condation of the world, the Russian race does not praise! Does he have a cheerfulness, hardworking, patience, which is only distant, raised immaneous hiking? Did not give him courage and courage, which himself in the earthly, and in nautical battles, and in the attacks, and the attacks of the city attended? Doesn't it give him a harmony of mind, kotoro and other people's deep wisers and the internal changed cunning did not want and caught? But all over and from outside and from inside the lighter storms stamped, singing and drove Peter. And then won when he won himself to be many hoped. And so weak and exhausted won the strong, as little and strongness of the weak won. And they shine at all not our fatherland, but whether neither the nation is not on the passion of sophisticated husbands, whether the True True saying does not witness that with so glorious and terrible (what was our) to join the war, unless they are already Many nations wars would not be hopeless. And Peter, besides the campaign of Azovskago, on the children's playing wars of his own, as if he was already with Spartans, and with Afrikans, and with Macedona, it was pretty quite visible, entered into this multipoint and terrible war and in a tolly height of glory, to which for many military The arts do not merge. And what is wild that he has become all over the world, as well as the diverse ingenic countries, the Russian hearing did not reach the name of the Russian hearing, they are famous for him! But I still have a worldwide surprise to be more sudden to be strength that he was surprised by the main former resistance with time and courage, and from Kollyo Tolikia accepted ulcers, already loved to love and, all the other reveals, with him, not tokmo, but also in Union friendly coincided. Such a testimony has never happened in the world. And only a tollyik just redeevelop the courage? And then the great acquisition, the great profit of glory; For such glory is not a tokmo to nations, it brings, but also, the opponents crushing fear, the best applies. But Petrov's works are many, and besides glory, the fruits of sweet and us and our allies: the lands of our taken away return, new conquered addiction, your, Polish August, the throne of the arrangement, your, Korono Danish, hiding, our Paks, the glorious well-being, beloved, honest And the mercenary world, the world of Millubo God is a slight gift and both peoples merry. Finally, the Russian weapon, to Tolik, the Russian weapon, as long as the naked peoples of protection and the defenders require: resorts about the poor Ieverie, asked and asks the Crown Persian, the Gorish and middle of the barbarians, the united weapons of our impassions, alone conquered, Others ran away. Werevshche Taco, hearing, what Peter was in our military, which should come to the intercession and promotion of the state, let's see what and in a political or civil case, which the power must have any sovereign to manage and correct his fatherland, and this hour Something wonderful and wild to us. It is not soon that the hardship is caviar, who would be for military, and to civil affairs, and the ocked was: other highly soldiers from political thoughts, other advice, other and, read, nasty art; Inago Sie, Inago Hearts, the Nrava and Hunting requires, and it is hardly difficult for both sim in a single person, it's hard to be, as if a bore and silence to be at one time and in one place. Actually, it is uncomfortable as apparently to be in Peter our. And there will be anyone who, not leading, since it was expensive to all his spirit, there was only the composition of his body, he would have judged him that he was born to a single case, he was born: such ages, such a vision, such a movement. And it is containing in it and this, and it was perfect and unusual, and in the youthful flesh, men's intention perceived. The great Bo to this monarch, argued by taking Azov to the War of the Turkish, having received peaceful peace, celebrating to be and without any affairs in sin. Kidnapped the heart of his other countries, various teachings and arts word. There he should not be a refinement equal, Aki would not be in the world of this; Do not see and will not learn the acts of mathematical, arts of the physical, the rules of political and known to that civilian, the military and a staffing architecture, - those and other exercises not to adopt and the aki of expensive goods do not to bring to Russia, equal to the aquies would not live a conviction. Pieneling was eaten by the Fatherland and home, the mother of his prosperous and the cheaper surname was eaten. It was hard to raise the body of youth and amelessness, also a disaster of the road - raised. It was difficult to overcome the envisageous obstacles, the Mystery and Foresting, OO, the same, and explicitly, went. So willingly avoided from the Fatherland for the sake of Fatherland, no matter how other captives from captivity and captivity; So in a hurry to the works, no matter how to reign; And so fun in the case of the brave and other aforementioned exercises worked, like nobody will be having fun and on wedding painting: even got what I wanted, even other from myself, even myself the best returned from myself. What does it all be the best? Is it really kind of good and perfect seemed? Vires are worked in the spirit of the husband of this, that the sole and their own good, whether it would not have informed all the Fatherland, would never have put himself in good. The line was the head of the Russian, not exceeding the soil of power, but also the thing. Jaco, the head chapter makes the perfume in itself in welfare in all members and the compositions ranks, the taco and this monarch, filled with different corrections, to fill the same and all the officials of the Fatherland diligently swept. And never carefully careful? What we do not see the blooming, and before that by us and unknown, is not all his plants? Whether there is something like something - honest and needed, let's see, on the chinnish, verb, robe, and in the friendly entrance, on the meals and painting and other than the most favorable customs, - are not confirable, what did Peter taught us? And we were previously praised, so now we shame. What is decided about arithmetic, geometry and other mathematical arts, which are now learning children of Russian with hunting, they jump with joy and gained to show with praise! I had before? I do not know, in the whole state was although one zirklik, and the propeller of the guns and names did not breathe; And whether there would be a certain appearance arithmetic or geometrical action, then the magic is nected. What about the architecture ruster, what was and what now we see the structure? It was such that the nasil of extreme need served, raining from an aerial opposition, from the rain, wind and the glory could guard, and the current excess of all sliced \u200b\u200bthe fairness of beauty and velepy is brightened. What else about the military and about the ship architecture? Togo, we first and painters did not know correctly. But Tako, according to the single case, Petrova calculates, never come to the end. The best all of the two forces to call, whom they require themselves from their own people: this is the essence of the folk benefit and awake. Do you want to see? We look at the governments, Berg-Collegium, Camor-Collegue, Commerce College, the Manifact of the College and the Magistrate Chief. We look at a lot of charged from it, an OSO to curb losses, an ARO and to find profits of the way: to plants Mineralnye, the houses of the monotony, the doctor of the pharmacy, the Krestnyy, Solkovy and Sukonny manifect, on the preparing paper Mennitsa, on different vessels of merchant buildings and a lot of things We have always been unprecedented by Majustess, and for more conveniently from the place to the place of the message, the cakes are reduced by the reckons of the river and the reaches of the channels, that is, the River Novyy Fruit. Do you want to know the different and multi-face-shaped outpitles and the use of our views? We look at the Government of Justice, - this fear of the righteous of the righteous of the internal insults, the misappropriate and other villains protects us; on the collegium a rapid, - this whole propaganda protects the limits; And in addition, our inner sins multiplied the harm, homemade essay, robbery, - there is also his own disadvantaged man. And from the forehead of fear, from the Supostatskago attack, fencing the Fatherland, what left and what did the divergent Peter do not make it necessary? The Admiralty and Military Government arranged at Mori and on the land of Aqui Protection and Adamantova took. And what did the benefits attached? Oyya hiking, Takso, the forties are rigging and terrible, and not tokmo to defense, but also to the offensive war; Fleet, verb, military, only strong and nice; Oyya safe from the sea ferocity and the fierce sea of \u200b\u200bharbor or refinery; Oyya incessantly multiplying artillery; On the turn on the turns regular fortress. And what else? The fortress, the assault, taken, for the sake of Samago, that he might incombustibrate himself to crush and could get to get, taking a stronger, the pointers, and the tightness did not exercise. This is a bottleneck, nonsense before and in the light of a notged, and now the cops of the royal Petropol and only strong on the river, on Earth and the Forters and the Forters approved and decorated, - who can praise consuming? Do not see if the Russian Federation and the protection and protection of Russian? CE and gates to any acquisition, se and castle Any harm reflecting: Gate to Mori, when it is lucky to use and demand us; Tomahda Castle, when it brought fears and disasters to us. In the whole, both the use of our and security, invented, introduced, made, can be right and firmly found. And Petrov's care situation was: None in the charters and laws of states that were advised in Europe, to correcting the Fatherland of our pleasing, all the same chosen and gathered and the regulations gave a lot from themselves and began to complain about himself. And so if the judges and managers of the negligence, it was not unregistered, wanting all the eyes of human eyes to have, fauging the rank of prosecutors, that is, the truth of the salaries. And so would any evil, Yako in the potions of Echidna, could not be hidden, the rank of fiscal identified and lent it is not the current spending of state interest, but also the personal subjects of their offense to see and declare such a bottle of poor people who are vessels and councils to seek or sake It can not, or for the forces of the offensive do not dare. Nevertheless, it was approved and concluded by the High Government of Senatsky. Senate - a valid monarch hand; Senate - tools guns and government governments. Other colleges, Yako oars and sails, and the Senate - Kormilo. CE see the fundamental acquisition and benefit, this is a trustworthy protection of our. And if you see if we can conclude everything in a word, than we were abundant, and the prosperous and glorious created Peter the Great! It is surprised by Tokmo possible, but to speak very uncomfortable. Yes, even wondering in the wonderful and Chusynaya in Chusyna showed, so it cannot be pretty and surprised. For there will be uniform military tokmo affairs or single tokmo fixing political so used Russia, and it would be wild. It would be wild, whether there would be one one, and the other sovereign would have done: as the Romans of the first two kings, Romulus and Numu, praise that he was war, and this world strengthened the Fatherland; Or, as in the sacred history of David weapon, and Solomon political bliss of Israel created. And we have both both, and even in the trusted and different circumstances, I committed one Peter. We and Romulus, and Numa, and David, and Solomon - One Peter. We do not only speak, they speak with the surprise of DSI foreign nations; Like in the past 1722, the Great Ambassador of Polish, the name of the sovereign of his and all republics, in the greeting of the Majesty's Greeting and Lesiam, in greatestness. And this is about military and civil affairs, although an unequal word of supply, it is pretty, what and the colive sovereign was wondering our Peter. But when it is about the sovereign of Christian, it is impossible not to question what he was and in matters, to another perpetual and endless lives of proper, because although the immediate title of this is Nine Shepherdskago, one thing, the highest looking for God put God on the preceding authorities. And Yako did not respect the king of militant, unless or for the need, or for the hunt, and everyone would be decently accepted by the host, - to watch the apprentices, and Yako I exercise with merchants not the royal case, but I would not have any deception in buying, to observe Tsarskoe is there. And attende to know about the teachings of philosophical, and about different ministry, and about agriculture, and the very other Economics. Taco Although preaching words to approve piety on the kingdoms does not lies a debt, there are more and the great debt, and it would be, and there would be a direct teaching of Christian, and the Church of Christ. A lot about Sez teaches us the Holy Scriptures, the very same in the royal stories, where in the narration of the rust of the kings of others for the good church, the administration praises, and others for the unprincipled or corruption of the lawwriting denounces. And according to the Tsaroscha Region, the execution of Konstantin Great is nominated from Eusevia Caesuryskago Excellenged "Bishop". Peter is our satisfying left and in this glory from the best Israeli and Christian dominates? It is imposed that it is impossible for no time to have a care about the church, when everything is busy with hiking and action by the military, and the structure of the fleet and fortresses, and other credentials. But Yako in everything else, Tako and in Sez Divnago, God showed him: in all the departure, he was at the time of the busy time, he was taking the time and to industrial and focus on church correction. And the collective about that was in him a desire, some of the goes show it. He kept, what the darkness and blindness of the false labra is our rank. Clearly soldier insane, very soulful and destructive! And the pick of the poor people many of the false debris dies are dying! And on the deethene, he did not leave his own way, whatever the darkness, he would have to drive and the enlightened enlightenment: ordered to write exhutays, and the sermon to instruct, and the promise of mercy, and a certain impairment, that is, the gums and shui from delusions to answer, and to call for a peaceful conversation . And not a shameless care of his apartment: Many thousands of addressed on the letter we have, and stubborn and crucible Gorshardogo condemnation to Yako, waiting for themselves. He conducted, a columns of evil superstition, which, when the distance from God, it takes, it is impaired by God leads and degraded security; In other years, sins are of sinful sin, and in superstitions, the service brings to God and, so dilding, thinks about herself, which is saved, and, tied by the eyes of themselves, is immediately approaching the hellish swift. Sieu and telling, Peter excited Aki from Snage Chin Pastoral, let the fussy legend defend, in the rites of real power of saving not to be shown, they prohibited the icons and would have been learning the people with the Spirit and truth to give him to God and storing the commandments to please him. He conducted, which harm comes from hypocrisy. Boy's hypocrites, the shrine self pretendingly, the straight essence of female female and the sharpening of their own in God, the simple people for their soulfulism is caught, the light of the gospel and people from Luza God and the Middle Summary are disturbed - the sky of interest and land, churches and the Fatherland Wallish enemies. And from the sowing of sweets with all sorts of images of the subjects to protect their own: the feigned Chyuja, dreams, the launches eradicated, the stems of koltuns, glands and rubbish, and sly humility, and abstaining the holy mind, granting themselves, to learn to learn and catch and hide ordered. And so the trackshago of this Phariseism hated that the opposite, AKI would be the best (as well as the survivor), in extreme love contained. And eternal memory we have the instruction of it. Former Bo in the Synod of the Conference on Candidates for the bishop degree, this wisdom has proclaimed the word: "Further, it's hard to find this case at all, which will not be a cowarent, not a hypocrite, but simple, That awake us and good and worthy. " And the Words of the word Sulk: for the simple Christian of the Spirit of God, there is also therefore, and therefore, without multi-companies, the teachings will be managed to their marriage. She kept Peter, and with the Great Soreland of his heart saw, the colon in the people of Russian intelligence was not aptiveness - from the confession of sins and from the communion of the Supper of the Lord, the Lord is very removed. About Christigo disaster! It will be removed from the fact that it is one of us there is a life of the forever guilty! This unitely delays us to the sin of the sin of our sin, this will support us, but not in despair in shove, this from Gromov anger and the court of God covers us. As for the Sea, Peter arranged, everyone knows. And everything about what is remembered, to the manual that could know, or from hearing and council, or from his sense, did not miss anything. And they will appreciate the attractive plants of schools, the compositions of the Bogoslovskiy, Ancient Teachers and Historians of Church Translations and Translation of the Scripture of the Scripture; The old articles of monastic renewed, and the rules of the priesthood and the whole church of the Clear, and, let them begin in the seed and the root, began to have a good and legacy of God in seed and root. And so everyone would have happened, the spiritual government is set up and the affirmed synod. Both, about the hearing, in Peter our, in which we first saw the Velikago Bogatyr, according to the same Mondrago breeding, see the Apostle already. Takovago his king, and the king of Christianskago, showed God! But about the prudence of the father and the Bodraishago monarch of our! Having arranged to us and approving the whole good, for temporary and eternal life useful and needed, keeping the same thing that everything on it, Yako, on the main basis, is worth it, which is always forgotten, which is not at all forgetting that although in the composition of the body and according to the power of Honor the advantages of their fortresses and hard to a sustain, one shuttle, the vanity in the first progenitor strikers, the mortal there is a man, "the diligent care aroused, no matter how it was not tokmo from him with him, but also it was for him, and it would be samago The long-term surpassed, and, the appropriate, it would be indisputable in many times. And it is a direct royal and decent care. And not the baked tacis, which only observe, let it be good in the fatherland with their stomach, very not happy that there will be for their death, not a Tokmo is not a royal and not dumb, but below Ekonski do and like the essence of the essence, shalas or huts We would have been safe for both the collaboration, there are no thoughts. What is Peter the Great to the Longsage of our best practices for us? Idified and made what our most approved ones are visible on now. I put another reason for myself, filed a friend of myself, a highly supplied heiress, the unreverable Augustus our Catherine. Her having a long-term cohabitation in the wonderful and generosity in merry and sealing, in oppressive and misfortunes, I was pleased, IKO was previously judged to be a worthy bed of his, the only one and the worthy throne showed and not just for honor, as in other states is done , the diadimyo of the Empire has been walked by Yu, but so it would be for him and for a small time there was no Prazden throne, and death would not cause embarrassment, and blood, and many in the people of deaths, as before, but also daw away, AKI would be I live, the world, peace and silence and deeds of his strong condition resided. And such an intention, in the past 1722, preparing for the campaign of Persian, declared it on the coronation of the spouse. Like the Goshai in the intention of him and, at the request of His hesitated to us with the mercy of our God, Yako in Peter bless us, Taco and in Catherine Blessish. And Taco Peter, leaving us, not tokmo left us unfortunate wealth, that we have already been pretty showed, but, and leaving us, did not leave us. Siah, all of us offered to others, from the scoring of him who saw or only hearing, we will seek the measures to be surprised, and we all who spinned it in all acting and tricky, the severity and conversations were delaited, Many, Yako, about him, the word ours is not tokmo Not wonderful, but not satisfied and scanty. Vesta Bo, such a liveliness of memory, the severity of the mind, the power of telling was; As he did not prevent a lot of preferred cases, that when it did not act, to the matter to be aware of the trick; As soon as possible and pure and pretty hard sentences and issues responded; As clearer and useful to dark and the presenter reports filed a resolution. And in the world in the world, the world is cunning a lot of comfort and flashes, not a Tokmo between alien to myself, but between my own and domestic, - Vesta, how he secretly struggled by gadds, and that be a knob and Kuda will come out aki would be a prophet and fear The bitterness was preceded, and as, where she liked, knowledge was covered, that the political teaching teachers nominate and in the first reigns believe regulats. Everything was easily unformed anything that he was and from whom Taco Umudren was, in any school, in any school, in no academy did not study. But the academies were His hands and countries, republics and monarchies and houses of the Tsarist, in which the guest was a guest; Teachers were he, although they themselves did not know about that, and to him the coming ambassador, and the guests, and his treating Potments, and the ruled rules. Wherever to be, with whom, not to talk to him, he looked uniformly, so it would not be idle, let it be not to leave and not dismay without a certain use, without Nico teaching. Many still had anyway to him that, having studied some European languages, in historical and teacher books, frequent reading has been inadened. And from those of the teachings occurred that the conversations of him about the coexist of abundant, although not multi-dimensional, were, and what the word did not happen, the time to hear was tall, and the arguments of strong, and meaning the stories, parables, similarity With the advice of the interest and surprise of all those present. But also in conversations of theological and others to hear and not to be silent not tokmo, as other sights, was not ashamed, but he was hunted with the hunt, and many in the cost of conscience was instrued, from Superstition took, the truth was truth from superstition, it was true that I didn't have something with honest , but also with simple and thin, the same when it is happening with the splitters. And ready for him to the aquet was all the way: the dogmas studied from the scriptures, the Napache Pavlov of the Messages, which firmly focused in memory. And such Petrova to give us, good leading and from the near and Chastago community seeing, not a divine, but isn't there anything, I can have a question, the whole above story about military, civil and church affairs and care. A colikum of the ritiation and eloquence of life is suitable, which only for many and only honest forces, virtues, acts and deeds to decorate them and exalcate it? And according to one, any of these requires to praise to its Salnago Vitisco Art. Our word, who, although not everything, is once a lot of Petrov, the magnitias offer to rise, why can you decorate, which is speedy and simple calculus, and then not all the name of the circumstances, with the difficulty to run away? But what is the utensil and flowers ritics? Toligaya virtue does not require external decorations, herself is honest and red, herself a pre-soberochny kindness and a fractional person. And whether there would be some kind of it was required, and it was not in our meager treasures to look for, but a long time has already been taken by the world glory wealth. Glory worldwide there is a decent Petrov preacher. Then he is pretty to him for the eternal name, that in foreign all countries with great praise, we carry are not remembered without surprise. Where they will not say that Russia did not have the Sovereign Dolikago did not have? Where they do not witness, that the people of Russian people seemed to be a fear of Pervago and one for him. But also, that we have testimonies in the printed in Lipsk Latin Vedomosti, where they are notified about the death of Peter Ours, they nominate his immediatelessness. Recently, a book about the life of it, a conversation. And Tamo, at the beginning, the author showed that Peter surpassed Xerxes, Alexander Velikago, Iulia Caesar. And someone from the political French writers Peter Russian is not much higher laid out of his sovereign of the glorious Ontago Velikago Ludovik. And Treely, the Word approve with his own other, who about the inconvenience of our conjunction with the Romans writes. And how not so! Wsi Bow and other monarchs were found in the Fatherland of their all the teachings and mems, the host of the good and skillful military leaders and town teams. Peter is all done and again began to start it, the population of those and act and make a trolley. But then even praise, though from foreign person, and a private and sole, who would rather collectively collectively, and Ce to Zezdo and and popular voices are preached. What said about the glory of his great ambassador to Polish, before you have a poignation. Again, and what the Persian ambassador spoke, who between other praise, the glory of his affairs, everywhere passed, likened the sun, the world is illuminating. And when we were remembered by our victim to take him to take the title of Velikago and the Emperor (what was the same and he drew it from everyone), it was praised everywhere and approved. As for the death of it from different courtyards and regretty Majesty, the messages are written and what praises from all the monarchs are exalted, this will not offer this time. You beat you at the very top of the glory, a great-named husband! Not for anything we feel about praise, about your glorification. Have you ever had the need to envy someone who else wondered the magnitude of the verse, and the memory of those who keep statues, and the trails! Willing business your essence is your troppy. Russia is all the statuto of yours, a pretty ministeriality from you converted, that and in your emblem it is not grounded; The world is the whole and the poem, and the preacher of the glory of Twee. And when the world about you songs and sermons are smelled? For whether there are famous who and where the first fiction in the phalange, that is, the image of a kind of personally building and the actions of the warrior, and who invented the weapon or invented the strataghem, and who this or ongo is the Creator - about you, who (generally say) We sued all, and not a city, but the whole of Russia, what already is already there, I made and created when and where is the unmarried story unmarked? Have you yet, about Rossian, and over, for the highest of Peter our witness. God witnessed by God, a witness in the sky is faithful, which wonderful looking at many disasters kept him, on the difficult fortresses of Attaks, in Flotovy on the Mori Battles, on Batalia under the forest, where Izmorenev, and Olondenyev, was forced to put on an unknown place without knowing the mill; On the battle of Poltava, where the distant death from him was, as the distant hat from the head; Twist actions, that is, in the very death of the jaws. He testified about him, when he covered him from the upcoming and neighboring repeatedly negotiaries, from those who were contacted by his stomach, from the reducing rioters. In total, the events of God had a chance to him, even his father-in-law and tolika glory intentionally, from the rautty's rautstone, which had preserved the rainstones when they were the animals of royal ministers and affinities from the house of Tokmo, but also from his hands kidnapped him. ON TIME HORRRORNIGHO! Did there be a villain from Samago Christo daring? Finally, the god about him and in the blissful death of his blessed death, he had a strongly active thank you, and giving him a tolly piety of sufficient, straight repentance, live and firm faith, that Aki would have experienced Dandy Vysnyago. The wonderful vision and the wonderful shame, the deploying many who attended him, about the above-in-time demise, enclosed to get dried and from the dignity. For when the death of God's death, the Son of God heard his memories of the death of God heard, Aki would have forgetting unbearable his inner torment, a cheerful lymis, she who, and cracked, repeatedly exclaimed: "This, - speak, - one thirst quench my thirst, this is unreasonable Meee, "- transferring his mind from a real name, which melt missed, beytia, to spiritual ona and saving coolness. Approved Paka in faith, eyes and hands, Eliko could, raising uphill, "I believe, - Right, Lord, and I think. I believe, Lord, to my unbelief." When it was very hushed up, and then at the frequent proposal for the bustling of this world, about the mercy of God and about the eternal in the union of the reign, and to recover, and the hand to the mountain to raise, and the godded sign was shot, and the face had gone to joy, and quite In the disease triumphant, Yako inconsistent eternal benefit the heir. Siah, all acted a long-suffering monarch after all the time the mortal fell of his own, who continued until fiftestty. And although in the sixth, another day of his suffering, according to the confession of his sins, the bodies and blood of the Lord fell, but in the deception of he, in question, whether Paki wishes to the evening of Christ, raised his desire to show his own show, the Paks are expensive. Toligaya, about the hearing, God of God, to the Father, our and in life and in the death of His revealed, show that he and the worldwide praise does not require itself. Praise his essence our praise; He reached his heavenly with Christ of Glory, all the earthly puts in anything, and we praise and praise him asked, MNIT MINI, SIMI, or SIM such as literacy. "How to cry about me, and mine, I have little, there is little on the need. I avoided the multi-time and multipoint dwelling, in the opinion of your opinion, and I am so easy, and this is not crying, but I have a joy worthy. I received a disadvantageous crown From a hastily person of the Song of his son, in the legacy of his son's son, and this, all kinds of glory, your glory surpasses without comparison, and to that nekostsya show. And there is no favor in the glory acquired from me, - your own. And You want to save it to save, keep my deeds, do not forget the instructions of my, the very nappy lovely love and loyalty to serve as my dealer who served from God, and Maje, and Majda have a diligence of my costly. Other, taco live on the earth, Yes, not lost heavenly life; Tako Tortste at the production of everybody, and this all-selling bridge will achieve. " We put a word of the word end, put the purchase and tears to die. It is uncomfortable to sall it in the property of it, Tako and we are looking at the departure, it was rather not possible, it would be not enough, it would have been the head of our water and the eyes of our source of tears, which wanted a crying prophet. But although, the praise of Peter, and will not reach the word of His glory, one thing from the sonnyago must pay something. And without a measure, the grinding and sobbing, we make and the resentment of the virtues of him, and I didn't see him in the glory, because we would show that by the deprivation of him all the best, as we were looking at the deceased of the great hopes, with which everyone burned out of him die. Peter more ours, prempting the benefit by committing us and the best of us with us, though, although we are trying to break our respect for our own, but also pleased with your diverse and with him who do not died their blessings. Combiner and you, who keeps our sovereign, Mother All-Russian, all generosity, all of your love, you will use, still quench and defeat you sorrowfully! It prays you about Sez Fatherland, but not smartly sorrow with a common, but the owner of the amazing, Tako and ... Looking for this and asks you the blood, and your tribe, and the affinity of yours, all the high surnames, but not from them to make a guilt of consolation, and their color not to fading. It requires a Peter from you, and I will not weaken the hand of His Scepter, and how they have been making them to approve and similar to make it possible. But Treem and God himself commands you, yes, not a lightening china dying in you the mercy of him. Cold while comforting your soul, acknowledged God and bred. He chose you wondrous fate, Petra combined and elevated to the tolly height, he would approve, and it will make a mess. Hist on him, Peter was unagnigaging on him. And who retained Peter in all the ways it will save you. Oh Budi, Lord, your mercy on us, I am a lot of Uphua! This voice is attainted to you, Peter Ours, and we will be erected from the depths of the heart. And do not fully prevent your anointan, our self-catering, and hornie to the sweetness of the pretties, and strengthen the power of Her, and with it all the founding of our, peace, serene, abundance of the fruits of earthly and all of the benefit of the fulfillment of blessing. Amen.August 15 Orthodox celebrate the day of memory st. Vasily Blessed - Moscow Wonderworker and Yurody.
Vasily Blessed was born in December 1468 on the Parity of the Elohov Temple (now the Epiphany Cathedral in the Basmanny District of Moscow), where his mother came with a prayer for prosperous childbirth.
Parents gave the Son to learn the shoemaker. When the boy turned 16, a merchant came to the workshop and ordered his boots. Then Vasily said with tears: "You will be so much that you do not wear them." He explained to the surprised master that the customer would not hide the boots, because he would soon die. A few days later, the prophecy came true.
Then Vasily fled from home to Moscow. It is in this crowded city, full of temptations, sins and dashing people, Vasily Blessed decided to show the ideal of morality and take a feat of the scientific. Literally the word "wilderness" means "ugly", "abnormal." Yreek intentionally behaved like insane "Christ's sake," to correspond to the Christian truth, the Savior's Christian Savior: "My kingdom is not from this world." In Russia, the word "Blessed" was synonymous with the words "Yurody".
The religious feat of nature is to cure all the benefits - houses, families, money, the rules of public decency and respect for people. It is known that Vasily Blessed walked without shoes and clothes even in winter, for which I was called Vasily Nagya. He bent himself with strict post, constantly prayed and wore Verigi. Yreeny tried to instruct fellow citizens on the path of true. He did it a very unusual way. For example, threw stones in the house where pious people lived. According to the blissful, Beams stood near the righteous homes, because they could not enter inside, and the ward of God drove them with stones.
When Vasily Blessed passed by the dwellings of sinners, he, on the contrary, kissed the angles of the walls. Yurodova said: "This house is expelled from myself the obsceneers of their own - the angels of the saints attached to us from the font, for they will not suffer such indecent acts. And the castle is not acquired by him, they are sitting on the corners, sorrowful and dull, and I wondered with tears to pray to pray for sinners. "
Or suddenly the blissful belching tray with street vendors either shedding a jug with kvass. And then it was discovered that the merchant put in Kalachi Mel ahead with flour, and Kvass was spoiled.
For the sake of rescue of nearby Vasily Nagyu visited the peteed places and prisons, where he tried even in the most descended people to see good, encourage them and support them.
Soon the townspeople began to relate to whistle with great respect, admitting a fighter in him with sin and not true.
What miracles did Vasily blessed?
Before this day, there were legends about many wonders committed by Vasily blessed.
Vasily Blessed, bas-relief. Photo: Wikipedia
After the death of Vasily blissful almost the entire city gathered on his funeral. Ivan the Grozny himself and noble princes carried the coffin to the church, and Metropolitan Moskovsky Makarius committed the burial of the blissful. His body was put on the graveyard from the Trinity Temple, where in 1554 the Pokrovsky Cathedral was built in the memory of the conquest of Kazan. There was a job came in honor of Vasily blissful.
Pokrovsky Cathedral. Photo: www.globallookpress.com.
In 1588, when metropolitane Saint Jew, Vasily Blessed was canonized. On this day, 120 patients received healing from the relics of the saint.
In the Catholic Church "Blessed" - this is a person whom the Church considers saved and staying in heaven, but in respect of which overall worker reading is not established, only local is allowed. Often there is a pre-step in front of the righteous canonization.
Verigi Vasily Blessed is stored in the Moscow Spiritual Academy.
*** Between the Street, Barvaque, the Old Square, the Slavs and Slavonic (Varvarinsk) Square in 1534-1538, the wall of China-Cities and the Tower with the gate, which were named Barbarian (Varvarinski) were built.
**** Voznesensky Monastery - a female monastery in the Moscow Kremlin destroyed in 1929. It was near the Spasskaya Tower on the left and almost closely adjacent to the Kremlin wall.
6. And you, haters virtue and its admirers - you have not invented anything new. Sacred eyes do not carry the sun, night animals run from the shine of the day, the first rays of the sun turn them into a stupor, and they hurry to hide them into their holes, scorch in holes and cracks, just not to see the scary light for them. Log, crossed, exercise your unfortunate languages \u200b\u200bin the impact of good people. Severers, bite: You are rather breaking your teeth than they will notice your bite.
Chapter XXI
1. "Why does this adherent of philosophy live so richly? Himself teaches to despise wealth and himself has it? Learn to despise life, but lives? Learn to despise health, but it takes care of him, like no one, and tries to have the best possible? He says that exile is an empty sound: "For what is bad in the change of places?" - But himself prefers to build up in his homeland? He declares that he does not see the difference between a long and short century, but why does he dream of a long healthy old age and will put all his strength to live longer? "
2. Yes, he claims that all these things should be despised, but not so much so as not to have them, but only enough to have no disturbance; Not so that you can drive them away, but so to calmly look like they leave. And the Fortune itself is much more profitable to put your wealth? - Of course, there, where it is possible to pick them up, not listening to the title screams of the temporary owner.
3. Mark Caton always glorified Kuria and Corwolkania, and the whole century, when several silver plates constituted a crime in the censorship eyes; However, he himself had forty million sisterings, smaller, of course, than the Crassus, but more than Caton Censor. From his great-grandfather in this comparison, it will be saved much greater distance than from Crassa, however, if he had suddenly got more wealth, he would not refuse them.
4. The fact is that the sage does not at all consider himself unworthy of the gifts of the case: he does not like wealth, but prefers his poverty. He takes him, just not in his heart, but in the house. He does not reject with the contempt of what he has, but leaves, believing that the property will be a real reinforcement for its virtue.
Chapter XXII
1. Is it possible to doubt that wealth gives a wisely much more abundant matter for the application of the abilities of his spirit, rather than poverty? After all, poverty helps exercise only in one kind of virtue: do not bend and not let yourself come to despair; The wealth provides an extensive field of activity and for moderation, and for generosity, for accuracy, managerial and generosity.
2. The sage will not be shying his little growth, but still he would prefer to be high and slim. Of course, a sage can feel beautifully, having a brilliant body or having lost his eyes, but he still would prefer bodily health and power, although he knows that he has the power much more.
3. He will patiently demolish bad health, but will wish for himself good. There are things from the highest point of view of insignificant; If you take them away, the main thing is not at all affected; However, they add something to that continuous joy, which is born from virtue: the richness is having fun of the sage and acts about him about the same way as the sailor - a good passing wind, like a walking day, like the sun, suddenly fitted among the dark, frosty winter.
4. Next, all the wise men - I mean our wise men, for whom the only good - virtue - recognize that among those things that they are indifferent, one is still preferable to others and even have a certain value. Some of them are quite replenish, other reasons are quite. And so you did not doubt, clarify: the wealth thing is definitely preferred.
5. Here you, of course, you can exclaim: "So what do you need to kill me if wealth means one and the same for us?" - No, far from the same thing; Would you like to know why? If my swim away from me, then besides himself, nothing will take it away. You will be amazed; It will seem to you that, having lost the state, you lost yourself. In my life, wealth plays some role; In your main. In a word, I own my wealth, I own your wealth owns you.
Chapter XXIII
1. So, cease to poison philosophers wealth: no one sentenced the wisdom to poverty. Nothing hinders the philosopher to own a solid state, if it is not taken away from anyone, it does not scale with blood, it is not defiled by injustice, not accumulated by dirty percentages; If income and expenses will be equally honest, not causing grief to anyone, except for villains. Increase your condition how much you wish that in that shame? Wealth, which would not want to call his own, but in which no one can call her chrice, not underway, but inevitably.
2. Such honestly, the favor of the fortune will not turn away from the philosopher, will not force him to extols, nor blin. However, he will be able to be proud if he can open the door of his house and declare, providing fellow citizens to inspect everything that owns: "Let everyone claims what he recognizes its". Truly the grandmother and grapples his wealth, if after such a call he will retain everything that he had! I will say that: who can calmly and not embarrassed to put his property for a national ferris, confident that no one will find there, to impose a hand, he will be open and boldly rich.
3. The sage does not let in his house neither the Denarium that has come in a bad way; But he will not reject the gifts of Fortune and the fruits of his virtue, as they would have been great. In fact, how can I refuse them in good reception? Let them come, they will welcome them as expensive guests. He will not brag about money, nor to hide them (the first is the property of the spirit of Suit, the second - a cowardly and petty, who would like if you can, shove all my good for the sinus), will not, as I said, and throw them out of houses.
4. After all, he will not say: "There is no proc." Or: "I do not know how to dispose of you." He can do the long road and on foot, but preferences, if you can use the crew. Just as poor he, if possible, would prefer to become rich. So, the real philosopher will be rich, but refer to its wealth will be easily, as a substance in a volatile and non-permanent, and will not tolerate that it hurts any or others.
5. He will give up ... - But what did you put your ears? What do you substitute your pockets? - ... He will give people of good or those who are able to do good. It will give out gifts not before will select, at a thorough thinking, the most worthy, as a person, remembering that he will have to give a report not only about income, but also about expenses. It will make gifts based on the requirements of the proper and fair, because meaningless gifts are one of the types of shameful motility. His pocket will be open, but not breathing: it will take a lot from it, but nothing will be saturated.
CHAPTER XXIV.
1. Is mistaken who thinks as if there is nothing easier than to give: this is an extremely difficult thing, if you distribute it with meaning, and not to scat out how you have to obey the first motive. Here is a person to whom I owe, and I return the debt; I will come to the rescue, and I regret; Here is a worthy person who needs to be supported so that poverty does not hit him from the way or did not crush at all; With this, I will not give, despite their need, because if I give, the need does not decrease; Someone I will offer to someone, I will even pierce forcibly. In such a case, negligence cannot be allowed: Gifts - the best place for money.
2. "How? Surely you, philosopher, give in order to get income? " - In any case, in order not to incur damages. Gifts should be investing wherever you can wait for compensation, but you do not need to demand it. We put our blessings, how deeply buried treasure: without need you will not turn it out.
3. The house of a rich man himself is an extensive field for charitable activities. Generosity is called "freedom" - "liberalitas" - not because it should be addressed only on free, but because its source is free spirit. Who will say that generosity should be taken only to dressed in your way? Nature tells me to benefit people regardless of whether they are slaves or free, free-born or freedoms released by law or friendship - what's the difference? Where there is a person, there is a place to benefit. So you can exercise generosity and distribute money, not crossing your own threshold. The generosity of the wise men never appeals to unworthy and subligated, but but does not dry out and, meeting a worthy, pour out every time, from the horns of abundance.
4. Honest, bold, courageous speeches of those who seek to wisdom will not give you a reason for the opinion of the interpretation. Just remember: the striving for wisdom is not a sage, which has reached the goal. This is what the first will tell you: "My speeches are excellent, but I still turn among countless angry. Do not require me so that I am now consistent with my rules: because I'm just engaged in what I do myself, I form, I try to raise the sample to an inacked sample. If I get to the goal scheduled for me, then demand that my matters answers the words. " The second, reached the peaks of the human good, will turn to you differently and will say this: "First of all, why do you allow yourself to judge people who are better than you? I am already, fortunately, inspire hostile to all bad people, and this proves my right point.
5. But that you understand why I do not envy anyone from mortals, listen that I think about different things in life. Wealth is not good; If it were, it would make people good; But this is not the case; And since what we find from bad people cannot be called a good, I do not agree to call it this name. Otherwise, I admit that it is useful, gives a lot of life facilities and therefore should have it.
CHAPTER XXV.
1. Well, it turns out that you and I equally believe that wealth should have; Listen, why I do not consider it one of the goods and what I treat him differently than you. Let me settle in the richest house, where even the most ordinary items will be only of gold and silver, "I don't get up, because it's all that surrounds me, but only outside. Transfer me to the sublion bridge and throw among the beggars: I do not feel humiliated, sitting with an outstretched hand among the beggars. Is it the one who has the opportunity to die is so important that he does not have a crust of bread? What is the conclusion? I would prefer the brilliant palace with a dirty bridge.
2. Place me among dazzling luxury and exquisite decoration: I will not consider myself happier because I sit on soft and my sotras will be replaced on Purple. Give me a different bed: I do not feel more unhappy, omitting a tired head on the oyan's ohana or losing to relax on the cut alcohol, caring through holes in a dilaf canvas. Which of this conclusion? I would prefer to walk in a pretext than to glue with bare blades through cutters in rags.
3. Let all the days of mine will be one more successful than the other, let the congratulations be made to me with new successes, when they still did not disdain the previous one: I will not admire myself. Select this temporary mercy: let losses, losses, grief hit my blow to the blow to the blow; Let every hour brings a new trouble; Among the sea are inappropriate, I will not call myself unhappy, I will not curse one day; For I have all provided that no day can be black for me. What is the conclusion from here? I would prefer to refrain from excessive cheerfulness than suppressing excessive grief. "
4. And that's what this Socrates will tell you: "If you want, make me the winner of all the peoples of the world, let the magnificently decorated chariot of Vakha carry me at the head of the triumph from the solar sunrise to the puris, let all the kings come to ask me to approve them on the kingdom, - At that very moment, when the God will be made from all sides, I am clearer everything I understand that I am a person. Want - Suddenly, without warning, reset me from this dazzling vertex; Let the dizzying change of fate plowing me on foreign stretchers and I decorate a solemn procession of the arrogant and wild conqueror: Distributing a stranger chariot, I feel no more humiliated than when it was on my own. What is the conclusion? And such that I still prefer to win, and not to get in captivity. (5) Yes, all the kingdom of fortune does not arete nothing, except for contempt; But if I give me a choice, I will take the best. Everything that falls to me will appeal to me, but I prefer to fall out more convenient, pleasant and less painful for whom who will have to pay for good. Do not think, of course, as if any virtue can be closed without difficulty; But the fact is that one virtues need spurs, and the other is a just.
6. It's like a body: going down the mountain, you need to hold it, rising to the mountain - push forward; So, and virtues are directed either under the mountain, or in the mountain. Anyone will agree that patience, courage, durability and all other virtues, opposed by cruel circumstances and subordinate to the fortune, clamped uphill, rest, fight. (7) and is just as obvious that generosity, moderation, meekness go under the mountain. Here we hold our Spirit so that it does not break forward, there - he drive him, pushing, push the most cruel way. So, in poverty, we will need more courageous, militant virtues; In wealth - more sophisticated, seeking to restrain a step and keep themselves in equilibrium.
8. In the face of such a division, I always prefer those in which you can exercise calmly, those that require blood and sweat. Thus, the sage will conclude his speech - and my life does not disperse with my words; It is you who you hear them: Your ears only catch the sound of words, and what they mean, you don't even interest ask. "
Chapter XXVI
1. "But what is the difference between me, fool, and you, a sage, if we both want to have?" - Very large: the wise husband is wealth - the slave, the stupid - the Lord; Wise does not allow its wealth anything, it allows you to all; You get used to and tie to your wealth as if someone promised you the possession of them, and the sage, drowning in wealth, then reflects most of all about poverty.
2. No commander hopes for a truce to such an extent to leave preparations for the already announced war, even if it is not conducted until time; And you one beautiful house makes you challenge yourself and lose the idea of \u200b\u200breality, as if he could neither burn or hit; A bunch of money makes you deaf and blind, as if they will take all the dangers from you, as if fortune does not have enough strength to instantly destroy them.
3. Wealth is a toy of your idleness. You do not see the dangers prisoners, as barbarians in a deposited city, are not suspected of the appointment of siege tools and lazily observe the work of the enemy, unable to urazumen, for which all these structures are erected in such a distance. So you: When everything is safe, you relax, instead of thinking how many accidents lifts you from all sides. They are about ready to go to the attack and capture precious prey.
4. The sage, if he suddenly take a wealth, will not lose anything out of his heritage; He will live, as he lived, satisfied with the real, confident in the future. "The hardest among my convictions," Socrates will tell you or someone else, endowed with the same right and authority to judge the affairs of human, is not to change the building of my life in favor of your opinions. From all sides, I hear the usual speeches, but for me it is not a brand, but the peak of unfortunate newborn babies. "
5. So tells you the one who was lucky enough to achieve wisdom and whose spirit free from the vices tells him to reinstate others - not from hatred, but in the name of healing. And that's what he will add: "Your opinion is not worried about me because of me, but because of you, because hated virtue and chasing it with a simulant forever repeal from hope for correction. You do not offend me, but the gods do not offend those who overturn the altar. However, bad intentions and evil plans do not become better because they cannot harm.
6. I perceive your delirium just as, Jupiter is all the biggest and the greatest - obscene fiction of poets, which represent it to the winged, then the horned, then not the night of the house by the Blooder; cruel to gods and unfair to people; kidnapper free people and even relatives; Ottumubytsy, unplannedly capturing the father's throne and still someone else's appearance. The only thing that such writings reaches are, "they liberate people from any shame for their silence: they say, what to be shy if the gods themselves are.
7. My insults do not hurt me at all, but for the sake of you ourselves I warn you: respect the virtue, please believe those who yourself followed her and now exalted it in front of you: it will take time, and she will be in even greater majesty. Read the virtue as the gods, and confessing it - as priests, and let your tongues reveree with every mention of sacred writing. This word: "Favete" - "reverend" is not at all from benevolent approval - "Favor", it does not call you to shouts and applause, as in a circus, but commands to be silent, so that the sacred necessity could be carried out as it should be not interrupted by inappropriate noise and chatter. You doubly need to fulfill this commandment and whenever the speeches of this oracle will be turned out, close the mouth to listen carefully.
8. After all, you all get drunk to listen when some hired liar will be booked on Strem Street, when some skillful self-reserved will begin to cut, not too, however, hard hand, his forearms and shoulders, pouring them into their blood; When some woman with fossil will crawl along the way on his knees; When the old man in linen clothes, holding a laurel branch in front of him and burning a lantern in broad day, will shout about the fact that someone from the gods, you all are frozen, affected, and, infecting each other with fear, believe that it is - Heracks of the Divine. "
Chapter XXVII.
1. That's what Socrates from the dungeon, which was cleared, barely entered it, and became a twist of any of the curia: "What kind of madness, what kind of nature, hostile to the gods and people, makes you displacing virtue and insult the shrine with evil speeches? If you can, praise good people, can't - pass by; And if you are unable to restrain your vicinity of promotion, attack on each other: for you to pay your insane brain to the sky, I will not say that blasphemy, but in vain work.
2. At one time, I myself became the target for the jokes of Aristophan, and after him moved and other squad of comic poets, pouring on me the whole stock of my poisonous sharpness on me, and what? These attacks only strengthened the glory of my virtue. It is useful for her when she is exposed, like a slave for sale, and twitch in her fingers, trying to the fortress, besides there is no better way to find out what it costs and what is her strength, than to get into a fight on her and try to beat: granite hardness Best is known to Kamneses.
3. Here I am - I stand like a rock on the sea shallow, and the waves are indispensable to their blows on me, but nor shifted me from the place, it is not unmissible to them, although they are not stopped by centuries. Attack the same, Bates: I will carry everything, and in this - my victory over you. The attackers for an in-violent stronghold will use their power to themselves in evil; Therefore, look for a soft and compliant target to stifle your arrows. (4) You have nothing to take yourself, and you will be launched in the study of other disadvantages, manarked your sentences: "Is this philosopher who else spaciously lives and is it too luxurious?" You notice other people's acne, and they themselves are covered with purulent ulcers. So the freak, cooked from the legs to the head of silent scabs, would make fun of the mole or warts on the most beautiful bodies.
5. Put in the blame Platon what he was looking for money, Aristotle - what he took, Democritus - what despised, the epicurus - what was spent; I put alkiviad and Fedra in the guilt of Alkiviad and Fedra - you, who, at the first opportunity, brought to imitate all our vices, do not remember yourself from happiness!
6. Look better on your own vices, evil, besieged from all sides, brazening in you from the outside, which burns your most inside with fire! If you do not want to know your own position, then understand at least that things are human generally now in that condition so that you have a lot of leisure to scratch your tongues, which are the best than you, people.
Chapter XXVIII.
1. But you do not understand this and build a good mine with a bad game, like people sitting in a circus or in the theater and have not yet had time to get sorrowful news from the house already immersed in mourning. But I look from above and see what clouds gather over your heads, threatening to explode a storm in the near future, and some have already come closely over you and your good. And even more so: Didn't the horrible flurry already captured your souls, even though you don't feel, do not pinch them in the whirlwind, forcing it from one to run away, to another blindly rushing, then it takes to the clouds, then pops in the abyss? .. »
Annalas 16, 17).
Senior Brother, Gallion, senior positions achieved: He was a consul-suffect, and then Proconsul in Ahaya, where he was already famous for not as a speaker, but as a judge of the Apostle Paul: "During the Gallion's Consistrate in Ahaya, Jews were unanimously on Paul and led him before a court saying that he teaches people to honor God not by law. When Paul wanted to open the mouth, Gallion said to Jews: Jews! If some had a resentment, or evil intent, I would have a reason to listen to you; But when there is a dispute about the names and about your law, then disassemble yourself: I do not want to be a judge in this. And they drove them from the trill. And all ELLINA, grapple Spleen, the chief of the synagogue, beat him before the trial, and Gallion Nimalo did not care about it "( Acts of the Holy Apostles, 18, 12-17). Upon returning to Rome "... On the Young Hallion, frightened by the scene of his brother, Seneki and humbly prayed for a mercy, collapsed with accusations of Salien Clement, calling him the enemy and murderer ..." (). It is not known whether he committed suicide at the same time, in 65, or somewhat later. In the philosophy, Gallion, as can be seen from the Seneki dialogue turned to him, adhered to epicurean views, but at the same time wealth, and love for luxury and grace, apparently, was much inferior to his brother-stoic, preaching ascetic self-restriction, but the living quite in Epicurea. The impeccability of the life and the circumstances of death, uncommon ability in conjunction with courage and modesty, the underlined loyalty to the ancient Roman traditions ("Customs of the ancestors"), justified by the arguments of the Stoic Philosophy, did all this by his ideal hero, Exemplum - the embodiment of Roman and Stoic virtue. Already a year after the death of Katon, Cicero writes about him a commendable word as the last and greatest defender of freedom. For the Seneki Caton Jr. and Socrates - two samples of genuine wisdom, two perfect "wise men". Acts and words of the Caton illustrate reasoning about virtue in all without exception to the exit treatises.
"Search for an enemy to refute"
Peter did not see the defeat of his army - he was no longer in the camp under the walls of Narva: Literally on the eve of the battle, he left for Novgorod, capturing his favorite Alexashika Menshikov and the commander-in-chief of the Army F. A. Golovin. Of course, the fact that the king threw the army on the eve of the decisive battle, does not adorn the great commander. But this deed was not evidence of cowardice or weak. It manifested itself to Peter Hard Rationalism, sober recognition of an impending imminent defeat, the desire to survive to continue the struggle with double energy. Subsequently, many years later after the Narva battle, Peter, filling his famous "magazine, or a submitted note," came to thought not only about the inevitability then, in 1700, defeats, the patterns of this shame, but even the undoubted benefits that Brought the ill-part Narva to the whole of the work: "And Taco Swedes over our army Victoria received that there is undoubtedly; But it should be reasonable, what kind of army they were learned? For only one old regiment Lefortovsky was (which before those called Shepelev); Two Guards Shelves were only on two attacks in Azov, and field fighting, and Napa with regular troops, never seen. Other wans, except for some colonels, like officers, and ordinary were the most recruits, as it was remembered, it was impossible to bring in the great time of the Great Hunger, it was impossible to bring in the great mud, and it was impossible to say that Infant play was, and art is lower than the species; What surprise to such an old, trained and practical troop over such inexperienced Victoria? True, this victory at that time was the beer in the sadly sensual and scho-desperate all sorts of hope and for the great wrath of God the worship. But now, when thinking about, truly is not anger, but the mercy of the Spokescape of God must, because Victoria would go to the Swedes, being in such an insolebility in all matters as military and political, in whatever time after us You could handle it, which is the same Swedes, have long been trained in all trained and glorious in Europe (which were called the French by the Germans) under poltavoy so cruelly navigated that all their maxima drew to the top, but when this is nestless (or better to say - Great Racks) received, then unwarked the taciousness, and to hard work and the art of the day and night forced with which the art of the War was being concerned, it will clearly be from the following with sesions. " Of course, the thought of the benefits of defeat at the initial stage of war, far from the vital centers of the country came afterwards, and in the first days after the Narva Confucius, he thought about something else: how to preserve what was left and not to succumb to panic and despair, for The victory of the Swedes was then "sadly sensual" for Peter. In a letter to Pskov, the commander of Cavalry B. P. Sheremetev on December 5, 1700 he wrote with a hidden threat: "NOR! Further, not (c) years (not. - E. A.)there is every misfortune to be happy with the sake of you for the sake of you, that is, on the Connection of Novgorod and Cherkasha (Cossacks. - E.A.),with whom, as we had to be punished (but at that time there were few people), proceed with the near sites (for subsequent time) and try in the distance, for Loutchago harm to the enemy. And there is nothing to dissuade, in short, the people are pretty, also rivers and swamps frozen, it is impossible to capture the enemy. What Paki write not to finance excuses, but Buda Consciousness, and that was obtained between the fugitives, whom Comrade, Major L., was convicted to death. Probacuating the will in the will by Almighty. RITER. From Novgorod, December to 5 day 1700. "
The use of the preserved part of the noble cavalry, which was commanded by Sheremetev, for the raids for Swedish possessions in the Baltic States, was only part of Peter's plans, which concerned directly hostilities. Internal affairs were more serious: after Narva, Peter clearly realized that the Russian army was not ready to fight his opponent - the Swedish army of Charles XII. For many readers, the Dopeprovsk army is associated primarily with the untreated mass of the noble cavalry and the regiments of the strokes. Such a representation is erroneous. The data of the discharge orders in the XVII century mostly of the Armed Forces, testify that Sagittarov in the middle of the XVII century was 16 regiments (16,900 people), and the noble cavalry was 9,700 people. At the same time, there were 38 soldier regiments (59,200 people) and 25 rates (29,800). In other words, in the middle of the XVII century out of 115 thousand people (not counting the irregular parts of the Cossacks, Tatars, Kalmykov, etc.) more than three quarters, 76% were the shelves of infantry and the cavalry of the "new building".
In 1680, the ratio of "Novomanner" regiments with the noble conean and the Sagittarius was the following: soldiers - 61 300, rated - 30,500, total - 91 800; Nobility cavalry - 15 800, Sagittarov - 20,000, total - 35,800, that is, the ratio has been preserved. The beginning of the formation of the "New Building" regiments is refers to 1630, when the analysis of previous experience has shown the need to form military compounds trained in the European methods of warfare. The first regiments of the Novomanner (i.e., the shelves of Alexander Leslie and other foreigners commanders became trained in new samples, a new manner). They were soon formed and trained with the help of the instructors invited from abroad. They immediately received combat baptism in the so-called Smolensk War with Poland (1632-1634). They played a big role "Novomanner" shelves and later. Naturally, the question arises: why was the army reform after Narva? The fact is that the defeat under Narva stood in one row with defeats who pursued the Russian army in the second half of the XVII century, and Peter clearly understood it. Subsequently, in the preface to the "Military Charter" of 1716, overlooking military history from the beginning of the formation of "newanir" regiments and the creation of "teachings and tricks" - the first military charter of Alexei Mikhailovich, - he noted that he was replaced by success in wars of the first half The XVII century with Poland and Sweden came in the Russian-Turkish war (the so-called chigirin trips of 1677), in the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689, the first Azov campaign against the Turkish fortress of Azov in 1695 was completed: "So everyone is known, which Father, our blessed and everlasting memory, in 1647 (Peter's mistake, correctly: in 1633-1634, that is, in the days of the reign of his grandfather, Mikhail Fedorovich. - E. A.) began to use the regular army and the Charter of the military was published. Itano, the army in such good order was established that glorious cases in Poland are shown, and almost all of the Polish kingdom had been conquered. So large and with the Swedes war was warmed. But then, not a Tokmo is multiplied with a growing light in science, but hardly left very left, and that followed later? not a sharpening with regular peoples, but also from the barbarians, that there could be no one against anyone, Yako about that fresh memory is (which was reinforced with chigirine and the Crimean campaigns, silent older) and not only then, but also much recently, as with the Turks when Azov and from the beginning of the Say of War during Narva. " Peter understood the cause of chronic defeat of the army, saw that it was necessary to change the foundation itself, on which a military organization was sought. At its base, the "Novomanner Building" regiment was a variety of local troops, new escape on the old tree. As you know, the local army, who received special development from the XVI century, served as they said, "from the Earth", that is, from those land possessions (places), which seemed to serve a person in temporary (for service life). According to the first call of the sovereign, the serune man, the landowner, was obliged - under the fear of confiscation of the estate - to appear on a review or war completely armed and equipped. The landowners who owned settlements should have given a detachment of the auxiliary forces from the Halds, that is, appear, as they wrote, "equestrons, crowded and weight." So, the local system of the maintenance of the military contingent completely spread to the "Novomanner" regiments who were recruited from serviced people of different categories, including the nobles. The officers and soldiers of the Novomanian regiments served "from the Earth", enjoyed local rights, that is, there were landlords. In the second half of the 18th century, the local form of land tenure under the influence of many factors, and above all, the development of serfdom, evolved towards the convergence of the estate - temporary holding - with behavior - generic, hereditary property. The development of this trend was completed by the economic and legislative merger of the Votchin and the estate in the inalienable landowner property - the basis of landowner land ownership. In a military sense, this evolution meant loss of the local system as the main type of military work, its flexibility, efficiency. The ministry from the Earth, due to the consolidation of the place of the owner, turned into a fiction. All this led to the appropriate decline of the armed forces, which became obvious to many.
Banner of Preobrazhensky Regiment in 1701 With a picture that is in the "Description of the clothes and weapons of Russian troops."
Peter had no doubt what way you need to go. In said preface to "Military Charter" of 1716, after describing chronic failures in the wars of the second half of the XVII century, he notes: "But then, when the army ordered, then what great progress with the help of Võzhnyago was learned on what glorious and regular people. And Tako, anything may judge that nothing else followed, Tokmo from DOGO-order, for the solid barbaric custom of laughter is worthwhile to expect a decent and no good one of the ongo. For the sake of the sake of being in particular Self-Fumes, for the benefit invented by this book, the military charter to teach, so that everyone knew his position for any kind of Chin and was obliged to be his title, and he did not care about the ignorance.
It is in the absence of "Order" - a clear organization, "regularity" (the concept covering and expresses the meaning and purpose of the army reform) - Peter saw the reason for the failures of the Russian army in the XVII century, as well as near Narva. It should be noted that on the path of "regularity" he stood long before the war with the Swedes. As you know, in 1687, 15-year-old Peter created two "funny" compounds that became shelves - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky (by the name of Palace villages, where they were placed), in which the noble children and the royal servants served. Without a doubt, for Peter and his associates, the service in "funny" became the invaluable military school, which gave the young king of initial military education and developed those natural data that made it an outstanding commander and a military reformer. According to methods and receptions for the preparation of "funny" shelves based on "regular", the base, became a prototype of the army, which began to create Peter on the eve and especially in the initial period of war with Sweden.
The signal to the creation of regular regiments as the main served was the dissolution in 1699 of the shooting regiments after the suppression of their last rebound in 1698. In the Decrees of Peter and other Government Resolutions for 1699, a whole program for creating a new army on principles significantly different from those on which the XVII century army was built are clearly traced. For the formation of new regiments, two ways were chosen: the reception of those who wanted - volunteers, - as they said, in the "Voltaritsa", as well as a set of "dash". In "Volnitsa" everyone was accepted, excluding peasants drawing, that is, paying state taxes. Among the liberty could, according to the deciration of the king, "Children of Boyar, and from the inexpressible, Cossack, and the Streethesky Children, and Brother, and nephews, and Zagrebtnikov, and from any other ranks, and from the hired chances that go on ships , Help the retired Moscow regiments of Streltsov, and from the arable land of the peasants do not hesitate. " "Data" is the basis of the armed chopers, who earlier, together with their owners, went out for a review or war in accordance with the proportions established by proportions, for example, a landowner had to put up armed at least one warrior from every twenty yards of their estates. Now a set of free and "dreakny" (this practice is generally familiar for the XVII century) acquired a different character, being changed in the root: volunteers were not defined in the soldiers' shelves of the old, the local type, and the "dreak" did not serve as before, in The auxiliary troops - they all became the "right" soldiers of regular regiments. They were trained in new charters and fully contained on the funds of the state, and they became lifelong servicemen who did not disseminate after the war at home.
Since 1705, the government takes the next step: stops receiving in the "Wolnitsa" and proceeds to the set of so-called "recruit" directly from the peasant population, which was not before. This was caused by an acute shortage of people in the army, whose needs could no longer be met at the expense of volunteers and "dreak". The source was truly inexhaustible. As it turned out later, in 1705, an unusually stable system of providing the armed forces, a system that existed almost unchanged to 1874 was created, that is almost 170 years old! The reason for such sustainability was that the recruit system fully responded to the peculiarities of the social and economic structure of the country. Recruited service and serfdom - these are two sides of the same medal. For the army, where the nobleman is an officer, and yesterday's peasant - soldiers, the serf system imposed, despite the fundamental difference between the estate and the army regiment, his indelible imprint. It is important to note that the recruitous service was not individual, like the universal military service, but had an archaic community character, including a circular order, order, etc. Naturally, reflecting a serfdom in the country, recruiting - namely the so-called apessness in the people - It lasts until all the other institutions of the fortress building began to collapse.
As well as completeness, recruitchin caused constant resistance in the people. The peasants who became recruits were forgiven for forever with their relatives, and they grieved about them, as the dead. Documents indicate that there were grounds for this. The hardest tests started from the first steps of the recruit. To prevent the shoots, recruits were shook in the pads as criminals. "Stations" - the places of concentration of recruits before sending to the army, in which they were kept for months, they differed little from prisons.
To prevent shoots, the authorities went to different tricks. One of them was a traditional patch: all residents of the village or relatives were responsible for the requested property sent by their property and even freedom.
If the recruit system's recruitment system has developed for five years, the device of the entire army was developed about ten years, up to Poltava, when Peter was finally convinced of the correctness of the solutions chosen by it. The basis of the army was infantry. Along with infantry shelves, Grenadier regiments were created, whose soldiers, in addition to ordinary weapons, were equipped with grenades. No smaller changes have undergone cavalry. It consisted of dragoon regiments, equipped with cavalryers who were trained in fighting in a walk. In 1720, Russia could set 79,000 infantry bayonets and 42 thousand Cavalry Sabel.
The pride of the Russian army was quickly restored after Narva lesion artillery, divided into regimental, field (108 guns) and siege (360 heavy guns). The artillery were attributed and created by Peter Engineering Parts. In addition, garrison troops placed in numerous fortresses appeared in Russia. In 1720 there were no less than 68 thousand people. Along with the use of traditional irregular army (that is, non-blood) forces of the Cossacks, Tatars, Bashkir and other "foremen", the number of which reached 40-70 thousand sabers, in the 1720s the so-called "Landminia" was created (territorial troops, Capped at the time) of those who lived in the south of Odnodvords. They struck the dangerous southern borders. Detailed and deeply developed by Peter the system of organization and management of the army. During the first quarter of the XVIII century, central institutions have been created, which made the needs of the army: Military, Admiraltei, Provider orders, for a shift in 1718-1719, the military and Admiralty College came. The highest tactical unit, as before, remained the regiment. The shelves were united in brigades, brigades - in the division.
The actions of the army were headed by its brain - field (main, general) headquarters headed by commissioning, usually General Field Marshal. According to European practice, the command was introduced, the command of the troops: the infantry was commanded by General from infanteria, Cavalry - General from Cavalry, Artillery - General Feldshmeister. An indispensable attribute of the management of the army was the functioning of the Military Council - the meeting of all the highest generals on the most important issues of hostilities.
Admiral Crys. With Dutch Khnyuna Engraving .
Analyzing the causes of Narva defeat, Peter noted in his "journal": "Art below view", that is, the extremely unsatisfactory state of combat training of troops and the art of warfare. Indeed, why, knowing about the approach of the Swedes, the Russian army did not come out of the pales, built around the deposited Narva, and did not meet the enemy in the field battle, where the numerical superiority was on the side of the Russian troops? The point is not in the indecision of the command, but in the fact that the Russian troops of the XVII century are not accustomed to fighting in the field, they sought to cling to some height, strengthening it, or conduct battles behind the moving wall of "Gulyai-Cities", or, simply fortified . Thus, the initiative was initially transmitted to the opponent's hands. That is how the Russian commanders and Narva acted in the old man. Peter quickly understood the viciousness and the futility of such a military concept. With it there is a rapid restructuring of the strategic and tactical foundations of Russian military art. The main goal of hostilities for Peter is not to take the opponents of the enemy (as it was before), but the defeat of the opponent's army in direct speed contact - battle, battle. At the same time, Peter, weighing all the weak and strengths and enemy, and their own, able to do carefully, for sure, with a huge margin of strength, as it was, for example, under Poltava. The movement of the masses of infantry was coordinated with the actions of artillery and the cavalry, while the cavalry of the Dragun type (that is, who trained in a walking system) had the opportunity to act independently, to carry out operations of a strategic scale.
Peter adhered to the principle: "You need to eat my army, looking at the enemy power, or ongoing intention, in order to strengthen it in all matters in every way search for the enemy to refute. "
Accordingly, the new strategic and tactical principles changed the concept of training troops to combat actions. For replacing the former looks every year, permanent military training comes to rare training shooting, which has not ended with the transformation of the recruit in the "right" soldier. This preparation was focused on active hostilities. In it we see a combination of single and group learning with bringing the required automatism of various types of companies, battalion, shelf, which ensured mobility and maneuvering efficiency on the battlefield. Here and teaching the agreed and member of fire, a skillful combination of it with bayonet blows. Here and clear management of the fight on the part of officers, which was built on a combination of unquestioned executive and necessary independence. As such preparation really looked, it can be seen on the pages of the Petrovsky "Institution to Battle", where the results of several years of the combat practice of Peter and his army were summarized: "Further is known to eat that old soldiers already will not have the exercise more learning, which for the recruited is being configured, For those degrees have already passed, but it is necessary to teach it ineffectively, as in battle to do, that is, it will be fair and not hastily shooting, good aiming, refuge, retreat, and onset, pull lines, capture and enemy flanks, sikundization one other and other turns And the feats of military officers, what everyone's mother is prooflessness, for who will not lose it, he will always lose without precipitance, for this one unlocks the troops and will overthrow that any officer of the abdomen of his stomach is worthy. For if he is his stomach, he is not going around his belly, then after on a wiggy gallow, he will destroy, and in order to command each captain and the protoy officers each his mouth commanded, and not on Major watched in everything, and nothing They did, for each battleship commander must be in front of the battleside for those places, while to the places, it will turn off to shoot, and then immediately go back and ordering about the first salvo only, the protocating shooting every captain (or commander of the mouth) is controlled; The commander of the same battle is appropriate to the back of the rear rank, to travel incessantly from the end to the end of his battle and watch, so that everything was better and more convenient to all headquarters on horseback. "
From the given passage, it is clear that the tactical learning of Peter's troops was not some purely techniques, but also upbringing responsibility, initiatives, conscious discipline, that is, without which the army cannot exist. Of particular importance in these conditions, military statutes were acquired, regulations - in one word, the Code of Military Law. Peter paid them to drafting a lot of attention, seeing the basis of the life of the army, and the whole society. Alexei Mikhailovich Alexei Mikhailovich was replaced by Alexei Mikhailovich at the beginning of the 18th century: "Building position", "institution for battle" and others. In 1716, the famous "Charter of Military" was published, which were not only the organization and device The army, the responsibilities of military personnel, the basics of the construction and field service, but also the military criminal, administrative laws. It is possible to talk about the strong influence on the "Charter of the Military" military legislation of Sweden, France, Austria, Denmark, revised, supplemented in accordance with the terms of Russia, depending on the experience of Peter as a commander, organizer of military affairs. Adopted at Peter oath, like other military laws, clearly defined the principles of service, wider - the ministry of the Petrovsky soldier. This is a consistently conducted hierarchy, strictly subordinate to military discipline and the order of the higher, God-fearing and law. Never before in Russia with such a complete, sequence and purposefulness, these principles were not formulated and were not implemented. Military legislation would not attract so much attention if it was a reflection of Peter's views only on the military structure and relations in the army. In the military laws of the Petrov Pores, we found a vivid expression of the national ideas of Peter, his ideological concept was reflected. In this sense, Peter followed the famous tradition that existed in Europe. Fair seem to observe P. O. Bobrovsky on the coincidence of Peter's ideas with the ideas of the Swedish king Gustav III Adolf (1594-1632), an outstanding commander and reformer. It is about the desire of both to get away from the primitive cruelty as the only form of handling a soldier, about the desire not to turn this soldier into a marching machine, to educate good morals with the help of the army, enlighten, fight ridiculous superstitions. The effect of these undoubtedly advanced, ideas found an expression in the Petrovsky "Military Charter", compiled under the strong influence of Military laws of Gustav Adolf. Hierarchy, subordination - becoming a ridge of relations in the army. But not only that. The commander is not just a senior by the rank, which should be unquestioned to obey. He is the personification of something more than the military authorities. He himself must meet highly high demands, both professional and universal. Chapter 10 "The Charter of the Military", called "About the Feld Marshal General and Any Ancheft", claims as the law assessed:
"General Feldmarshal, or Anchelt - there is a commander of the chief general of the troops. His order and command in the troops should read everything, so far the whole army and this intention from the sovereign is given to him. His Chin is such that he was not a good husband of Velikago art and courage, but also the DOGO Konduita (siren all the fitness) kothoro would be qualitte (or qualities) with goodbye and the pious justice were related. For the bravery of his enemy fear fear, the art of him will hurt people to firmly hopefully and about Victoria and welfare is very encouraging to be. His good conjitis excite obedience and multiply strongly autoism or the power of him with the courtesy, which everyone should give him. His controversy conjugate, a caring care contains the whole army and creates her happy in battle. His dwelling and justice attract all the hearts of the Army, as officers, so to ordinary. In addition, he should have complaints about them and the dontime to voluntarily, kindly praise, and he will redeem, for thin, and with diligence to punish, so that he loves every beloved and terrible. " Expressive and symbolic not only the last phrase, but also the whole text. Although it comes to the army in it, but it will turn us away from the departure and barracks. The bottom line is that Peter saw in the army, the army structure, army relations sample for the whole society. Peter experienced a sincere desire to "correct" the society, spreading it so easily formulated in the form of articles and so easily carried out on the army plan of army life. The clear organization of the army, the clearly outlined terms of the responsibilities of the heads and subordinates, the relationship of the composure on the basis of strict discipline and unitedness - all this seemed to be so easily transferred to the whole society. That is why the above document should be considered not only as a purely military. In essence, it contains requirements, mandatory for use to any bunch of person. And disadvantages, vices? Of course, they were, and Peter allocates two main one of them. The first is a banal "Srebolubiye", under which bribery, extortion and other illegal forms of enrichment of an official: "And so far there is a sober's root of everything evil, the Commander of the Anemtext should observe itself from Lucchychitsky and not sharpening, but others from ONGO It is cruel to leaving and content with certain, for many of the interests of states through this evil are lost. For such a commander who has a great delicacy has a little better than a traitor to the Maison May, it may be interns in the enemy (although it is true) to give a strainer and can easily reduce it easily. For the sake of the sake of the sake of the commander, it should be unstanding in mind and from ONGO obstruct, because he can easily die or wiggleless lives. "
The second vice, according to Peter's thought, is "Summary", that is, a crossway, connivance: "There is also another evil, it will be equal to the above described, that is, the pussy, because there is a lot of much for a thin case, but for virtue is imputed, putting in mercy, hedgehog Wine is easy to judge or on the occasion of other and very free from the court to have, in order to get love from people. But such a chramine its in the sand creates without a solid base and is always ready for a fall. So nothing is so people in the evil, as a weak team, which is an example of the essence of children in the will, without punishment and fear, those who are commonly in troubles, but happens after that the Pugubas bring a blow. Taco and in the army commander the essence of the father of these, who should be loved, supply, and for the pregrigrations to punish. And when it is sent, then at the time of obedience, it will lead from the good evil to the misfortune and in their rank of slippery, and Tako himself the coffin fossils, and the state of the pione will adventrately, what a very commander of the commander and I will have a very obstacle and ICO mortar fear will come out. " .
It is clearly clearly seen from the above quotation that as a significant vice is condemned not to condustion from mercenary or any other non-resident purposes, but in general, every connivance, because "nothing people do not lead to the evil as a weak team."
And again, the general principles of the Peter's approach to any fulfillment by the person in service are clearly visible in such norms of the Military Code. The essence of these principles is unquestioned submission to the head and strict adherence to the order prescribed from above.
The creation of a regular army was part of the task that Peter put in front of him, having received the Narva lesson. Having told Ingrius in the early years of the war, he immediately appreciated the significance of its water basins and paths and, accordingly, an outstanding role that naval force can play here. The fact that Peter did not think without the fleet of the power of his state, did not imagine without the ships of his life. The creation of the fleet was for him the first debt after the creation of the army, a natural continuation of the case, who had once begun his father, King Alexei Mikhailovich, in which the first Russian ship "Eagle" was launched on the ocean in Dedin. All these feelings are well reflected in the preamble of the marine charter of 1720: "Learning the setpoint of the military dry path, now, with the help of God, proceed to the seabed, which there was a previously started, namely, with the blissful and eternally decent memory of our father for walkers on The Caspian Sea, but then, for the sake of this not a performer and on us, this burden of the Vomnyago ruler ordered, he left the incomprehensible destiny of him. And so that this is necessary, you need to eat the state (at one cradle, that any Potential, which is one of the land of a land, has one hand, and which the fleet has, both hands have), for the sake of this Military Maritime SETTENDER learned ... "
Petra Great Botik. Left side. A. F. Teeth in Figure I. P. Zrudegin. 1722
Construction, maintenance and use of naval forces were always quite complex and expensive national business, which, in relation to Russia, the late XVII - early XVIII century, can be compared without special stretching, with modern space programs. It was not enough to build or buy a vehicle worth the whole condition, it was necessary to have an extensive infrastructure that provided the fleet with all necessary, starting with nails and ending with experienced fleets. Many plants - sawmill, sailing, cable, metallurgical and other - worked for the needs of the fleet. Harbor and port facilities, educational institutions, Tsehghauses and, finally, a powerful shipbuilding industry - all this could only truly breathe life into the concept of "naval fleet". It is necessary to pay tribute to Peter, it is perfect for a realistic, possessing rare organizational talent and energy. Without exaggeration, it can be said that the maritime deal, starting with the design of the ship and ending with high science of navigation and sea battle, was his favorite thing. Taking a carpentry ax or Sextant, Peter, apparently, found the soul rest in these classes; He felt the reliable clarity and simplicity of ship structures, obedient subordination to his will of the humbly, carrying hundreds of people and dozens of guns, so similar to the country, whose steering wheel was destined to stand.
Construction of the Petrovsky Fleet, as is known, began in Voronezh in 1695-1696. Here, after the failure of the first Azov campaign, the significant forces of ship masters, Russian carpenters and workers were collected, which, in extremely short terms, built a large number of gallery and other vessels built in Holland. Already on May 3, 1696, Peter proudly reported to Moscow Andrei Viniusu: "Today, with the osmual galleries, they went to our way, where I am from Mr. Admiral (Lefort. - E. A.)used by Kamandor. " In total, 28 ships were built on Voronezh shipyards until 1702, 23 galleys and many small ships. The construction of ships continued and later, until the returns of the Turks of Azov and Taganrog in 1712, when part of the Azov Fleet ships was destroyed, and the part is sold by the Turks. But by this time the Azov fleet was not the only fleet of Russia. For ten years, ships have been actively built on the shores of the Baltic Basin rivers.
As in Voronezh, whose experience was, of course, was taken into account, the construction of the fleet on the Baltic was conducted by the forced pace. He was laid in 1702 by the foundation of shipyard on the river as well. In 1703, the famous Olonetsk shipyard arose at the Sviri, one of the largest, with which the St. Petersburg shipyard was successfully competed successfully competed. In total, at least 1104 ships and other vessels were built in the Petrovsky period, and the lion's share - 386 ships, of which 45 linear ships were built at the St. Petersburg and Olonetsk shipyard. These figures reflect the colossal successes of shipbuilding for 20 from a small years. According to the historians of the shipbuilding, Peter himself was an outstanding shipbuilder, who offered many new technical solutions, starting with the design and ending with the use of ships. It is curious that, seeking to achieve the continuous work of the shipyard during the year, Peter offered to lower the ships even in winter - in a specially prepared hole for this. Over the years, the experience of the king of the shipbuilder has grown. Starting with the design and construction of Yachts and Snows, Peter graduated from the project and laying a 100-cannger ship. The exemplary became the 64-gun ship Ingermanland, built by R. Kozinets in 1715. Simultaneously with the construction of ships in St. Petersburg and Kronstadt, high-power naval bases were created, supplemented by the base in Estlandia (Rogervik; now Paltsky). In Kronstadt, a unique system of channels and gateways was built, which allowed free to repair, arm and even keep huge ships in the off-season on the bank.
Peter was not limited to the construction of ships. They also bought abroad and distilled into St. Petersburg. So, for 1711-1714, 16 linear ships were bought and translated into Russia. Petrovsky time has become a flourishing of the gallery fleet known from the ancient times. Peter correctly appreciated its meaning to deal with the enemy in shallow schoras of Finnish and the Bathrooms. The experience of Venetian shipbuilders, accumulated during the centuries of marine wars in the Adriatic and the Aegean Sea, was particularly useful.
By the time of the gangut battle of 1714, Peter basically fulfilled the task of creating a sea shield of St. Petersburg - the fleet consisted of 22 ships, 5 frigates and many small ships. To call this fleet perfect, of course, it is impossible: the ships were very differentized, were built from raw forest (and therefore turned out to be short-lived), poorly maneuvered, the crews were weakly prepared. It is not by chance that during the ganguta operation, all the severity of hostilities fell on the Galen Fleet, avoiding, thanks to its mobility and shallow sediment, meetings with major compounds of the Swedish linear fleet.
The experience of shipbuilding, the prospects for hostilities on the expanses of the Baltic directly off the coast of Sweden - a consequence of the displacement of the Swedes from the Gulf of Finland, as well as the general naval ambitions of Peter led to adoption of a holistic program for increasing and high-quality fleet renewal of the Fleet. And this program was not only fulfilled, but also was exceeded by the end of the reign of Peter: the number of ships from 1715 to 1724 increased from 27 to 34, and the frigates - from 7 to 15. The power of the instrument voltage of the fleet increased almost halfway: everything on board The ships instead of the previous 1250 guns became 2226. The strengthening of fire power was associated with the advent of the new generation of large ships, among which 96-gun "Frederichstadt", 90-cannon "forest" and "gangut", as well as three ships 88 guns. For comparison, I note that the average number of guns on the ships of the Russian fleet in 1715 did not exceed 54. The fact that the fleet of Russia was superior to Swedish, became obvious already in the second half of the Northern War. But, run ahead, let's say that after the broken broke in favor of Russia, Peter was not going to turn the naval construction. To him, as an experienced fleet, it was clear that the Russian fleet is far from the fleet of the "Lady of the Seas" of Great Britain, the Ally of Sweden: three times (in 1719-1721) the squadron of Admiral Norris locked the Russian fleet in the harbor. It is possible that the response to this was the laying of a 100-gun ship, which was subsequently the name "Peter I and II subsequently". Apparently, this giant for those times the ship (shipbuilding historians characterize it as the world's first ship of this type) had to begin a new generation of ships, which was clearly tesne Baltika.
Admiralty. From Engraving 1716
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Hello dear.
Today, perhaps, we will finish with 4 chapter of a wonderful novel in verse. Let me remind you that last time we stopped with you here here:
So...
In the wilderness what to do at this time?
Walk? Village that sometimes
Involuntarily documented
Monotonous nagging.
Ride riding in the grazing steppe?
But the horse dull undercover
Invalid engaging ice,
Togo and wait for will fall.
Sit under roofing deserted
Read: Prandt, here W. Scott.
Do not want? - Believe consumption,
Gray Ile Pey, and the evening is long
Why it will pass, and tomorrow then
And you will spend nicely winter.
It is angry and drink - this is 2 pastime in the top of the popularity of our people :-) Also, like racing on ice. Only a living horse replaced, as O. Bender "Steel Horse" said :-)
Dominic Pradt, or rather Dominic George Frederick de Riom de Proliak du Four de Pradat - Abbot and Napoleon's confessor, author of good memoirs, Well, W.SCott is the same famous Scottish novelist and poet Walter Scott (1771-1832), which we Everything read Eve of youth. Ivango and all that :-)) another question, why in English his name. Surely without translation?
Direct Onegin Childe Harold
Lasted in thoughtful laziness:
From sleep sits in a bath with ice,
And after, houses all day,
One, in calculations immersed,
Stupid kihe armed
He is on billiards in two balls
Plays from the morning.
The evening is rustic:
Billiards left, cue forgotten,
Before the fireplace, the table covers,
Eugene is waiting: here is Lensky
On the top of the chali horses;
Let's dinner quickly!
What do we learn from this passage? That Eugene loves a baachphone (such a kind of billiard game) and another ice bath. As far as I understand, this is an autobiographical, for Pushkin practiced this himself.
Widow Klichko or Moeta
Blessed Wine
In a bottle of frozen for the poet
On the table immediately brought.
It sparkles a hoop;
It is his game and foam
(Like this)
I captivated: for him
The last poor lept happened
I gave. Remember, friends?
His magic jet
Gave birth nonsense not enough
And how many jokes and poems,
And disputes, and funny dreams!
But changes foam noisy
It is my stomach,
And I bordean prudent
I also chose him.
I am no longer able to Ai;
Ai mistresses like
Brilliant, windy, alive,
And wayward, and empty ...
But you, Bordeaux, is like a friend,
Which, in grief and in trouble,
Comrade Fraver, everywhere,
Ready for us to have a service
Ile quiet divided leisure.
Long live Bordeaux, our friend!
Well, let's go :-))) just some kind of alcohol :-) "Kliko's widow" and "Moet and Shandon" are a grade of champagne (about them and about many others, we, by the way, will turn on Friday. So - Do not miss :-)) Ai is such a small town in Champagne, one of the centers of the cultivation of sparkling wines. Well, the author himself prefers "quiet" Bordeaux :-))) And I understand it perfectly. About Bordeaux A little bit we told here here here:
Well, Ipokeren is a source of poetic inspiration in ancient Greece :-)
Fire ground; barely ash
Usnut coal golden;
Already noticeable jet
Couples, and warm
Fireplace slightly breathing. Smoke from the tubes
The pipe leaves. Light Cup.
Still comes among the table.
Evening finds the mound ...
(I love me friendly
And friendly wine glass
Sometimes that named is called
It's time between the wolf and dogs,
And why, I do not see.)
Now friends are talking:
EEX .... How beautifully described gatherings are correct. Very clear and good :-))) Well, it's time between the wolf and the dog ... - It is sometimes called early twilight. At 8 o'clock in the evening about. But back to the narrative ...
"Well, that neighbor? What is Tatiana?
What is Olga?
- I still have a half pack ...
Pretty, cute ... the whole family
Healthy; bowed orders.
Ah, cute, how did you think
Olga shoulders that breasts!
What shower! .. Someday
Let's go to them; You lick them;
And then, my friend, judge you yourself:
Two times looked, and there
You will not show them the nose.
Yes, here ... what I'm a boy!
You are to them in that week.
What else can 2 healthy fellow men's men? Well, of course about feminine .... EEE ... soul :-)))
"I?" - Yes, Tatyana Name
On Saturday. Olenka and Mother
Told calling and no reason
You do not come to call .-
"But a bunch will be there people
And all sorts of such a sink ... "
- And, no one, I am sure!
Who will be there? His family.
We'll go, make lent!
Well, what? - "I agree." - How Mil! -
In this word, he dried
Glass, neighbor, privacy,
Then he talked again
About Olga: Such is love!
He was cheerful. For two weeks
Has appointed happy term.
And the mystery of the marriage bed,
And sweet love wreath
His delight expected.
Himmest cotton, sadness,
Zevothy Cold Sneda
He never dreamed.
Meanwhile, as we, the enemies of Hymen,
In my homework zrim alone
A number of tedious paintings,
Roman in taste Lafontaine ...
My poor Lensky he heart
For my life was born.
Well, Hymen, as you already guessed - this is the Gimenta - God of marriage and marriage. Lafontaine is not known to all French Basnefisher, and the other - August Lafontiton (1759-1831) - a third-hayming German novelist, who used at the end of the XVIII century. Success and former popular. But I do not give rest questions - what sweet love wreath, and? This is what I thought, my little spoiled friends? :-)))) what do you think?
He was love ... at least
So he thought, and was happy.
The stockbed of Blessed, who is betrayed by faith,
Who, Cold Mind Horobomov
Resting in the heartless thief
Like a drunken traveler paste overnight stay
Or, gentle, like a moth,
In the spring dripped flower;
But the pity is the one who will foresee
Whose head does not spin
Who is all movements, all words
In their translation hates
Whose heart experience has cooled
And forgot to forbid!
That's all! We "finished" with you "4 chapters. But the best, as usual, in front :-))
To be continued...
Have a good day.
Read also ...
- Video with ecperimer, photo of the scanned mirror Golden what will be if you scan the mirror
- Are there pictures of paradise or hell
- Stories of surviving clinical death - there is paradise and hell
- How God looks like in the representation of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians, and as describes the Bible its appearance
