The number of shiites in Russia is insignificant. This area of \u200b\u200bIslam belongs to Dagestan Tatha living in the Republic, Lezgins of the village of Miscing, as well as the Azerbaijani communities of Dagestan. In addition, Shiites are the most part of Azerbaijanis living in Russia (Shiite in Azerbaijan is up to 85% of the population).

Schisma branches

The prevailing direction in shiism are imamites, among which there was a split to Shiites-Binary and Ismailles (Ismailis). The following sects of Imamites call the following sects of Imamites (Bakirites, Novesites, Aftachitis, Shumayrites, Ismaili-Wakifitis, Musavita and Isvyarites), while other heletsiographers (al-Ashari, Nabochti) allocate three main sects: Katita (subsequently become Isnasarites), Scheukkarites and Wakifitis.

Currently, the relationship between the two-one (as well as zeiditis) and other Shiish currents sometimes take tense forms. Despite similar moments in the creed, in fact these are different communities. Shiites are traditionally divided into two large groups: moderate (shiyt-two-one-one-bednies, zadedits) and extreme (Ismaili, Alawita, Alevita, etc.). At the same time, from the 70s of the 20th century, the reverse gradual process of rapprochement of moderate shiites and Alawitov and Ismailites began.

Shiyta-Two-Wenthenenters (Isnasarites)

Shiite-two-one or isnasarites They are the prevailing direction within the framework of the Shiite Islam, which is predominantly common in Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iraq and Lebanon, as well as presented in other countries. This term denote shiite-imamites, recognizing successively 12 imams from the genus Ali.

Twelve Imamov

1. Ali Ibn Abu Talib (661 died) - cousin, son-in-law and sahab prophet Mohammed, his husband of his daughter Fatima, the fourth and last righteous caliph.
2. Hasan Ibn Ali (669 died) - Senior Son Ali and Fatima.
3. Hussein Ibn Ali (680 died) - the younger son Ali and Fatima, who deceased with a martyr's death in the battle of Kerbel against the army of Khalif Yazid I.
4. Zain al-Abidin (died 713)
5. Muhammad al-Bakir (died 733)
6. Jafar As-Sadyk (died 765) - the founder of one of the Islamic legal schools - Jafaritsky Mazhab.
7. Musa Al-Kazim (died 799)
8. Ali Ara Rida (or Imam Reza), (died 818)
9. Muhammad AT-Taki (died 835)
10. Ali An-Naki (died 865)
11. al-Hassan al-Ascari (died 873)
12. Muhammad al-Mahdi (Mahdi) - the name of the last of 12 imams. Mahdi in Islam is like a Messiah, who at the age of five went into concealment. This concealment, by conviction of Shiites-Imamites, continues and is still.

Five main pillars faith

Shiite breeding is based on five main pillars:

Ismailism

Ismailis are adherents of the Muslim Shiite sect. Unlike the Isnasarites (two-one), they consistently recognize Seven Imams before Jafar As-Sadyk, but after him Imaamat is not as Musa al-Kazim, and to another son of Jafar - Ismail, who died before his father.

In the 9th century, the Ismailitis split into the Fatimid Ismailis, recognizing hidden imams, and the carmatists who believed that the Imams should be seven. At the end of the XI - early XII centuries, the carmatics ceased existence.

The territory of the Fatimid Caliphate against the background of the modern boundaries of Asia and Africa.

In the X century in North Africa, an extensive Ismailitic state of the Fatimids was formed.

After the fall of the Fatimides, the spiritual center of another Ismailitic branch - mustods, moved to Yemen, and in the XVII century - to the Indian city of Gujarat, where they were assised most of them. At the same time, they were divided into Daudites (most of the custodians), who were held in India, and the Sulayimanites remaining in Yemen.

In the XVIII century, the Persian Shah officially recognized the Ismailism of Shisma.

Druze

Druze is a Muslim ethno-confessional group (although some Islamic authorities believed that the dubuses were so far away from the remaining Islamic currents, which lost the right to be considered Muslims), which is a branch of Ismailitis. The sect arose at the beginning of the XI century under the influence of the preaching of a number of preachers-supporters of the Egyptian Ismailithic ruler of Hakem among Ismailith of Egypt, Syria and Lebanon.

The name of the sect dates back to the name of the missionary Darazi (mind. 1017), whom the Druz themselves consider apostate, preferring to be called al-Muvakhchhidun (toiletia, or monotheism professing). There were dynasties of the ruling emirms among the druses, such as Maana, Shikhaba I.T. In 1949, the progressive-Socialist Party of Lebanon was founded, the basis of which was dubbed.

Alawita

Map of the settlement of Alawitov in Syria, Lebanon and Turkey.

At the heart of their dogmas, you can find the spiritual traditions of many exercises and beliefs: Ismailism, Gnostic Christianity, Shiism, Dffical Astral Cults, Greek Philosophy. All Alawitis are divided into the Hassa privileged group ("dedicated"), which are owners of holy books and special knowledge, and the main mass - "Amma" ("uninituled"), which are given to the role of obedient performers.

Were the main population of the state of Alawitov. Alawitam has the family of Asadov, the presidents of Syria Hafez Asad and his son Bashar Assad.

Zeiditsa

Zeidits represent the branch of "moderate" shiites, common in the north-east of Yemen; Also, one of the branches - Nucvatites are common in Iran.

Zeidits were formed in the VIII century. Zeidits take the legality of Caliphs Abu Bakra, Omar and Osman, which distinguishes them from Isnasarites (two-one) and Ismailith. From other shiites, they also differ in the fact that they deny the doctrine of "Hidden Imam", the practice of "such" etc.

Zeidits formed the states of Idrisida, Alavids I.T.D, and also established power in part of the territory of Yemen, where their Imams ruled before the revolution on September 26, 1962.

Other currents

AHL-E Hakk or Yarsan - the Evalist Esoteric Teaching, rooted in the Mesopotamian flows of Hulat, and the Iranian and East of Iraq, common in the west among Kurds.

Among Shiites, there is another course - insensites, believing that Imam Jafar As-Sadik did not die, but went to the Hibu.

Kaisaniti

Main article: Kaisaniti

The disappeared branch - Caisanites, formed at the end of the VII century. They proclaimed the imam of the son Ali - Muhammad Ibn al-Khanafi, but since he was not the son of the prophet's daughter, then most of the shiites rejected this choice. According to one version, they received a nicknamed Al-Mukhtara Ibn Abi Uba Sakafi - Kaisan, who led by an uprising in the coast under the slogan protection of the rights of Al-Hanafia and the observation for the blood of Imam Hussein, according to another version - on behalf of the head of the Al-Mukhtara Guard Abu Amra Kaisan. Caisanits broke up into a number of sects: mukhtarites, hashits, bayanites and rizamites. Kaisanitov communities stopped their existence in the middle of the 9th century.

East shiisma

There is no generally accepted opinion on the emergence of the Shiite flow. Some believe that it originated during the time of the Prophet, the second - after his death, the third belongs to the birth of shisming for the times of Ali, others - by the period after his murder. As SM Notes Prozorov "These discrepancies are related to the fact that the authors, calling the shiites of adherents" Ali, do not give a clear definition of this term and do not take into account the change in its content " . I.P. Petrushevsky believes that Shiism has developed in a religious course in the period of time from the death of Hussein in 680 to the approval of the abbasid dynasty in 749/750, and in the same period, they began to split. During the lifetime of the prophet itself, the first, whom they called Shiites were Salman and Abu Dharr, Migdad and Ammar.

Properness of Ali

Ali Investment in Gadir Humm.

Returning from his last pilgrimage, the prophet Muhammed, in the town of Gadir Humm, located between Mecca and Medina, made a statement to Ali. Muhammad said that Ali his heir and brother and those who accepted the Prophet as Mavel (eng.)russian , I must take Ali as his Mavel. Muslim-Shiites believe that thereby the prophet Muhammed declared Ali with his successor. Sunni tradition recognizes this fact, but does not attach it great importance, while shiites solemnly celebrate this day as a holiday. In addition, according to Hadis Thaqualan, the Prophet said: "I leave two valuable things among you if you stay them, never get lost: Quran and my genus; They will never be separated until the day ofjudgment. . As evidence of Imamata Ali, Shiites lead another Hadith on how Muhammed, calling his closest relatives and tribesmen, pointed to Ali, which was still a boy, saying: "This is my brother, my perception (Vasi) and my deputy (caliph) after me. Listen to him and obey him! " .

The Prophet Mohammed died on June 8, 632 in his home in Medina. After his death, Ansarov Group gathered to resolve the issue of successor. When electing a new head of the community, a number of persons (Sahaba Abu Zarr Al-Gifari, Micdad Ibn Al-Asvad and Perse Salman Al-Farisi) made supporters of Ali's rights to calipheat, but they did not listen to them. Ali and the Muhammed family at this time were engaged in preparing the funeral of the Prophet. The result of the Assembly was the election of the "Deputy Messenger of Allah" - caliph Rasui-L-Lah, or simply caliph One of the associates of the Prophet is Abu Bakra. At the end of Abu Bakr recommended Umar as his successor, and the community unanimously swore him. Dying, Omar called the names of the six most respected veterans of Islam and told them to choose from their Wednesday of the new caliph. Among him were Ali and Usman; The latter and became a new caliph. The first three caliphs of Shiites consider usurpers that deprived the power of the only legitimate owner - Ali, and Harijiti, on the contrary, consider righteous caliphs only Abu Bakra and Umar. Sometimes the first caliph, starting with Abu Bakra, tried to submit for "presidents" chosen by a democratic way. English researcher B. Lewis noted that not only the second, but already "First Caliph ... Abu-babe was elected by the way, which, according to our point of view, may be called coup d" Etat (i.e., a coup - approx.). The second, lobster, simply accepted the power De Facto probably by prepaying its predecessor " .

Khalifat Ali

Territory under the control of Khalifa Ali Territory under the control of Moavia I Territory under the control of AMRA Ibn al-Asa

The Siphfinskaya battle became the apogee of confrontation with Moavia. The battle was unsuccessful for Moavia, the victory was inclined to Ali. The position of Egypt's governor of Egypt Areme Al-Ase, who offered a pitch on a spear of the Koran scrolls. The battle was stopped. Ali agreed to the arbitration court, but he ended to no avail. Unhappy with his indecision, some of the supporters of Ali moved away from him and formed the third Muslim current - Harijitov, who were against Ali and against Muabi. Yu. Wellhausen called the Shiites and Harijite party "Religious and Political Party of Opposition" Omeyadam.

In 660, in Jerusalem, Muavia was proclaimed by Khalif. In January 661, Ali was killed by Harijite in the Kufa Mosque. Over the next years after the murder of Ali, the successors of Moavia cursed the memory of Ali in mosques and at the solemn meetings, and the followers of Ali repurchased the same three of the first caliphs as usurpers, and the "Muabi dog".

Hasan

Hussein: Tragedy in Kerbel

The agreement between Hassan and Moavia was strongly rejected by Hussein. He refused to swear Moavia, but he, on the advice of Hassan, did not force him. After the death of Muabi, the power passed to his son Yazid I, who Hussein also refused to swear. The cofiys immediately brought the oath of Hussein in loyalty and called him to themselves. Surrounded by his relatives and the nearest people, Hussein moved from Mecca to Coon. In the way, he came to the news that the performance in Iraq was depressed, but nevertheless, Husine continued his way. In the town of Nainava, Hussein's detachment with a number of 72 people collided with the 4,000th Caliph army. In a stubborn battle, they were interrupted (many of the killed were members of the Family of the Prophet Muhammad), including Hussein himself, the rest were captured. Among the dead more than twenty people were the closest relatives of Hussein and, according to members of the family of the prophet, of which two sons Hussein (Ali Al-Akbar (eng.)russian and Ali al-Askar (eng.)russian ), six Brothers Hussein on Father, Three Sons of Imam Hasan and Three Sons Abdullah Ibn Jafar (eng.)russian (nephew and son-in-law Ali), as well as three sons and three grandson of Akila Ibn Abu Taliba (eng.)russian (Native Brother Ali, cousin and sugar prophet). The head grandson of the Prophet sent to Khalif Yazid to Damascus.

Hussein's death contributed to the religious and political association of adherents of the genus Ali, and he himself became not only a symbol of the Shiite movement, but also the most important figure of the entire Muslim world. Among Shiites Hussein is considered to be a third imam. The day of his death is celebrated by the deepest mourning.

Story

Epoch Abbasida

At the beginning of the X century, the Ismailitis uprising ("extreme shiites") was flashed on the territory of Iphrikia (modern Tunisia), led by the descendant Ali and Fatima. He became the founder of the Ismailitian state of the Fatimid in North Africa.

New time

XX century

Large unrest between Shiites and Sunnites occurred in January 1910 in Bukhara. The head of the Government of the Bukhara Emirates Kushbug Astanakula, whose mother came from Iran, provided permission to openly determine the city of Ashura, allowed to do only within the borders of the Iranian quarter. However, the Sunni crowd began to mock the Shiite rites and shook the shiite procession by ridicule when they were held on the main streets of Bukhara. The result was the attacks of embittered Iranians on the crowd, the result of which was the death of one Buchants. Following the time of Shiites, which had to run to a new Bukhara under the protection of Russian troops. With the help of the royal troops, it was possible to suspend the pogrom, but the collisions between the Sunnites and Shiites continued somehow outside the city. As a result of this Sunni-Shiite massacre, about 500 Bukharians and Iranians were killed.

To strengthen the mutual understanding and formalization of the dialogue between the followers of the two branches of Islam (Shiism and Sunnism) in May 2011, the Sunnite-Shiite-Shi-Soviet Council was established in Jakarta with the support of the Indonesian government.

Jafari Mazhab

Jafari Mazhab - School of Islamic Law (Fickha), which is followed by Shiite-two-bednies. The founder of the Jafaritsky sense - Imam Jafar Ibn Muhammad As-Sadik, revered by Shiita-Two-Wenthene, as the sixth immaculate imam from among the twelve sinless media of the Vilatite (leadership due to approximity to God).

In the XVIII century, Jafarites received a separate place for prayer (Macam or Musalla) in the al-ka fence, would be along with followers of other Sunniological law schools.

Society

Holidays

Muslim-Shiites, like Sunnis, celebrate

• Birthday of the Prophet Mohammed (12 Rabbi al-Avval)
• Night of his ascension to heaven and the beginning of his prophetic mission (from 26 to 27 Rajab)
• Holiday Sacrifice Kurban Bayram (10 Zu-L-Hijja).
• Like all Muslims, they also keep the post Ramadan.

In addition to the general holidays, Shiites have their own holidays:

• Imam Ali's birthday (13 Rajab)
• Birthday of Imam Hussein (3 Shaban)
• Birthday imam cuts (11 zu-li kaada)
• Imam Mahdi's Birthday (15 Shaban)
• Gadir Humm Holiday, associated with the event in the town of Gadir Humm during the last pilgrimage of the Prophet Mohammed.

Not less than shiite and mourning dates associated with the death of the Prophet (28 Safara) and the death of Shiite Imam: Days of Ashura (from 1 to 10 Muharrama), associated with the death of Imam Hussein, the day of Imama Ali (19 Ramadan) and his death day (21 Ramazan), the death day of Imam Jafar As-Sadika (1 Shavval).

Holy places

Saint places for Muslim Shiites, as well as for all other Muslims, are Mecca and Medina. At the same time, the Mosque of Hussein and Al Abbas in Kerbale and the Mosque of Imam Ali in En-Najafa are widely removed.

Among other revered seats Cemetery Wadi-Salaam in En-Najaf, Cemetery, Jannat Al-Tanks in Medina, Imam Mosque in Mashhad (Iran), Kazimiya Mosque in Kazimiya and Al-Ascari Mosque in Samarra (Iraq), etc.

Attacks on holy places Shiites

The holy places of Shiites often became objects of attacks, or were destroyed. Abbasid Khalif al-Mutavakkil in 850/851 ordered to destroy the tomb of Imam Hussein and the surrounding buildings, and also forbade their visits. He Also Ordered That The Area Be Irrigated and SoWn. However, after his death, the tomb of Imam Hussein was restored. At the end of the 10th century, the founder of the Gaznevid dynasty by Emir Seuktegine, who was hostile to Shiites, were destroyed by the Mausoleum of the eighth Imam, the cuts and the mosque adjacent to it, but in 1009 the Mausoleum was restored by his son Sultan Mahmud Gaznev. On April 20, 1802, Wahhabis made a raid on Kerbel, desecrating, destroying and repulse the tomb of Imam Hussein, cut out thousands of shiites, including old people, women and children. In 1925, Evwani (Military militia of the first ruler and founder of Saudi Arabia Ibn Saud) destroyed the graves of Imams at the Cemetery of Jannat Al-Tanks in Medina.

During the Shiite uprising in the south of Iraq in 1991, against the regime of the President Saddam Hussein, who broke out due to the defeat of the Iraqi army in the war in the Persian Gulf, was injured by the Umah Hussein's tomb in Kerbel, where President Hussein Kamal was participating in the suppression of the uprising. Standing on a tank near the tomb of Imam Hussein, he shouted: "Your name Hussein and my too. Let's see who among us is stronger now, "ordering then discover the fire on it. It is noteworthy that in the same year, being an amazed brain tumor, he returned to Kerbel to ask for forgiveness from the Holy. In February 2006, an explosion was carried out in the Golden Mosque (Al-Ascari Mosque) in Samarra, as a result of which the Golden Dome of the Shrine was collapsed

Notes

1. Islam. Encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: "Science", the main editorial office of Eastern Literature, 1991. - 315 p. - ISBN 5-02-016941-2 - p.298.
2. Shī'ite. Encyclopædia Britannica Online (2010). Archived
3. . PEW RESERCH CENTER (October 7, 2009). Archived from primary source May 28, 2012. Checked on August 25, 2010.
4. Mapping The Global Muslim Population: A Report On The Size and Distribution of the World "S Muslim Population. - Pew Research Center, 2009.
5. Religions. Cia.. THE WORLD FACTBOOK (2010). Checked on August 25, 2010.
6. Quick Guide: Sunnis and Shias (English), BBC. (6 December 2011).
7. International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Lebanon (English), U.S DEPARTMENT OF STATE (November 17, 2010).

   Original text (eng.)

   However, the most recent demographic study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, indicate 27 percent of the population is Sunni Muslim, 27 percent Shi "a Muslim, 21 percent Maronite Christian, eight percent Greek Orthodox, five percent Druze, And Five Percenting Seven Percent Belonging to Smaller Christian Denominations.

8. Major Attacks in Lebanon, Israel and The Gaza Strip (English), THE NEW YORK TIMES.
9. Field Listing :: Religionsa. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA). The World Factbook on Afghanistan.

   Original text (eng.)

   Afghanistan: Sunni Muslim 80%, SHIA Muslim 19%, Other 1%
   Kuwait: Muslim (Official) 85% (Sunni 70%, SHIA 30%), Other (Includes Christian, Hindu, Parsi) 15%)

10. Country Profile: Afghanistan, August 2008 (English), Library of Congress - Federal Research Division.

    Original text (eng.)

    Virtually The Entire Population is Muslim. Between 80 and 85 Percent of Muslims Are Sunni and 15 To 19 Percenta, Shia. The Minority Shia Are Economically DisadvantAnded and Frequently Subjected To Discrimination.

11. A.V. Loginov The national question in Afghanistan // races and peoples. Vol. 20 .. - m.: Science, 1990. - P. 172.
12. Anees Al-Qudaihi. SAUDI ARABIA "S SHIA PRESS FOR RIGHTS (English), BBC. (24 March 2009).
13. Religion. Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Presidential Library. Archived from the primary source on August 22, 2011. Religion. Office of Presidential Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Presidential Library
14. Imamites (rus.), .
15. Ideal flows and discrepancies in Islam
16. John Malcolm Wagstaff. The Evolution of Middle Eastern Landscapes: An Outline To A.D. 1840. - Taylor & Francis, 1985. - T. 50. - P. 205. - ISBN 0856648124, 9780856648120

    Original text (eng.)

    After Several False Starts and The Virtual Elimination of the Safavid Family Itself, The Safavids Were Able to Defeat The Ak-Koyünlu in 1501, Take Over Their Capital of Tabriz and Dominate Azerbaijan. One of the First Acts of The Victor, Shah Ismail I (1501-24), Was to Declare The "Twelver" Form of Shiism to Be The State Religion, Despite The Predominance of Sunni Muslims in the Newly Acquired Territory. A Conversion Campaign Was Launched.

17. N.V. Pigulevskaya, A.Yu. Yakubovsky, I.P. Petrushevsky, L.V. Stroyev, A.M. Belenitsky. The history of Iran from ancient times until the end of the XVIII century. - L.: Publishing House of the University of Leningrad, 1958. - P. 252.
18. The Constitution of Asian States: In 3 T. - Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation: Norm, 2010. - T. 1: Western Asia. - pp. 243. - ISBN 978-5-91768-124-5, 978-5-91768-125-2
19. "Questions of ideology from the point of view of shiism" page 12. Author Muhammad-Riza Muzaffar
20. "Fundamentals of the Property" Makarim Shirazie, "Basic Principles of Religion for All" The lesson is the first. Reza Lead
21. Ismaili (rus.), Islamic Encyclopedic Dictionary.
22. Gordon Newby. Brief Encyclopedia Islam. - Fair-Press, 2007. - P. 200. - ISBN 978-5-8183-1080-0
23. Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - Science, 1991. - P. 111. - ISBN 5-02-016941-2
24. Heneghan, TOM.. Syria "S Alawites Are Secretive, UnorthOn Sect, Reuters (23 December 2011).
25. Gordon Newby. Brief Encyclopedia Islam. - Fair-Press, 2007. - P. 39. - ISBN 978-5-8183-1080-0
26. Gordon Newby. Brief Encyclopedia Islam. - Fair-Press, 2007. - P. 95. - ISBN 978-5-8183-1080-0
27. Brief Encyclopedia Islam. - m .: Fair-Press, 2007. - P. 86. - ISBN 978-5-8183-1080-0, 1-85168-295-3
28. Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - Science, 1991. - P. 298. - ISBN 5-02-016941-2
29. Alexander Ignatenko Splitting Umma, waiting for the vessel's day // Domestic notes. - 2003. - V. 5 (13). - P. 31-33.
30. al-Hasan Ibn Musa An-Nabachti Shiite sects / lane. with Arab., Research and comm. CM. Prozorova. - M.: Science, 1973. - P. 18.
31. I.P. Petrushevsky Islam in Iran in the VII-XV centuries (course of lectures). - Publishing House of the University of Leningrad, 1966. - P. 242.
32. Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai. SHI "Ite Islam. - State University of New York Press, 1975. - p. 57, approx. 1. - ISBN 0-87395-390-8

    Original text (eng.)

    The First Designation to Have Appeared During The Lifetime Ofthe Holy Prophet of God Was Shi'ah, And Salman, Abu Dharr. Miqdad and 'Ammar Were Known By This Name. See Hadir Al'alam Al-Islami, Cairo, 1352, Vol. I, P.188.

33. 'Alī (Muslim Caliph) (eng.), Encyclopædia Britannica..
34. Brief Encyclopedia Islam. - m .: Fair-Press, 2007. - P. 74. - ISBN 978-5-8183-1080-0, 1-85168-295-3
35. Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai. SHI "Ite Islam. - State University of New York Press, 1975. - P. 60, approx. 15. - ISBN 0-87395-390-8

    Original text (eng.)

    In The Famous Hadith of Thaquayn The Prophet Says, "I Leave Two Things of Value Amidst You in Trust Which If You Hold On to You Will Never Go Astray: The Quran and the Members of My Household; These Will Never He separated Until The Day OFJUDGMENT. " This Hadith Has Been Transmitted Through More Thange Channels by Over Thirty-Five of The Companions of the Holy Prophet. ('Abaqat, Volume on Hadith-I Thaqalayn; Ghayat Al-Maram, P.211.)

36. CM. Prozorov Shiite (Imamite) doctrine of the Supreme Power // Islam. Religion, society, state. - M.: Science, 1984. - P. 206.
37. I.P. Petrushevsky Islam in Iran in the VII-XV centuries (course of lectures). - Publishing House of the University of Leningrad, 1966. - P. 39.
38. Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - Science, 1991. - P. 241. - ISBN 5-02-016941-2
39. Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - Science, 1991. - P. 268. - ISBN 5-02-016941-2
40. L. I. Klimovich. Islam. - Science, 1965. - P. 113.
41. I.P. Petrushevsky Islam in Iran in the VII-XV centuries (course of lectures). - Publishing House of the University of Leningrad, 1966. - P. 44.
42. Encyclopedic lexicon. - St. Petersburg, 1835. - T. 1. - P. 515.
43. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. - Brill, 1986. - T. 3. - P. 607. - ISBN 90-04-08118-6

    Original text (eng.)

    A Number of Hadiths Mention The Affectionate Phrases Which Muhammad Is Said To Have an Used of His Grandsons, Eg, "Whoever Loves Them Loves Me and Whorever Hates Them Hates Me" And "Al-Hasan and Al-Husayn Are The Sayyids of the Youth of the Youth of Paradise "(this state of the shl" IS, Who Have Made of It One of the Basic Justifications for the right of the basic justifications for the right of the prechet "S Descendants to the Imamate; Sayyid Shabab Al-Dianna Is One of the epithets Which the Two Brothers); Other Traditions Present Muhammad with His Grandsons on His Knees, On His Shoulders, Or Even On His Back During The Prayer At The Moment of Prostrating Himself (Ibn Kathir, VIII, 205 -7, Has Collected a Fair Number of These Accounts, Drawn Mainly From The Collections of Ibn Hanbal and Of Al-Tirmidhi).

44. Bolshakov O.G. History of the Caliphate. - Science, 1989. - T. 3. - P. 90-97.
45. Bolshakov O.G. History of the Caliphate. - Science, 1989. - T. 3. - P. 145.
46. Bolshakov O.G. History of the Caliphate. - Science, 1989. - T. 3. - P. 103.

In recent years, the Middle East does not leave the titles of news of world news agencies. The region is fevering, the events occurring here are largely determined by the global geopolitical agenda. In this place, the interests of the largest players of the World Arena are intertwined: USA, Europe, Russia and China.

To better understand the processes occurring in Iraq and Syria, it is necessary to look into the past. Contradictions that led to the bloody chaos in the region are associated with the features of Islam and the history of the Muslim world, which today is experiencing a real passionary explosion. Every day, events in Syria are more clearly reminded by a religious war, uncompromising and merciless. Such has already happened in history: the European Reformation has led to the centuries of bloody conflicts between Catholics and Protestants.

And if after the events of the Arab Spring, the conflict in Syria reminded the usual armed uprising of the people against an authoritarian regime, today the opposing parties can be clearly divided into religious grounds: the President of Assad in Syria is supported by Alawitis and Shiites, and most of his opponents are Sunnites. From the Sunnis - with the most radical sense - the orders of the Islamic state (ISIL) are also the main "horror" of any western man in the street.

Who are such Sunnis and Shiites? What is the difference? And why exactly now the difference between Sunni and Shiites led to an armed confrontation between these religious groups?

To find answers to these questions, we will have to travel in time and return to thirteen centuries ago, in the period when Islam was a young religion at the stage of becoming. However, before this a little general information, which will help better understand the question.

The flows of Islam

Islam is one of the world's largest religions, which is in second place (after Christianity) for the number of followers. The total number of its adherents is 1.5 billion people living in 120 countries of the world. In 28 countries, Islam declared a state religion.

Naturally, such a mass religious doctrine cannot be homogeneous. The composition of Islam includes many different currents, some of which are considered marginal even Muslims themselves. The two largest directions of Islam are Sunnism and shism. There are other, less numerous currents of this religion: Sufism, Salafism, Ismailism, Jamaat Tables and others.

History and essence of the conflict

The split of Islam on Shiites and Sunnites occurred shortly after the occurrence of this religion, in the second half of the 6th century. At the same time, its reasons concerned not so many dogmas of faith, how much pure policies, and even more accurately, the banal struggle for power led to the split.

After the death of Ali, the last of the four righteous caliphs, the struggle began for his place. Opinions about the future heir were divided. Part of the Muslims believed that only the direct descendant of the kind of prophet can lead the caliphate, to which all his spiritual qualities should go.

Another part of believers believed that any decent and authoritative person who would choose a community could be the leader.

Calif Ali was a cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet, so a significant part of believers believed that the future ruler should be chosen from his kind. Moreover, Ali was born in Kaaba, he was the first man and a child who accepted Islam.

Believers who believed that people from the kind of Ali should rule the Muslims, formed the religious course of Islam, which was called "Shiism", respectively, his followers began to call Shiites. Translated from Arabic this word means "adherents, followers (Ali)". Another part of believers, which considered the exclusiveness of this kind of doubtful, formed the course of the Sunnis. This name appeared because the Sunnis confirmed their position with quotes from the Sunna - the second most important after the Koran of the source in Islam.

By the way, Shiites consider the coran recognized by the Sunnites partly falsified. In their opinion, information about the need for the appointment of Ali by the Mohammed receiver was removed from it.

This is the main and the main difference between the Sunnites and Shiites. It was the cause of the first civil war, which happened in the Arab Khalifat.

However, it should be noted that the further history of the relationship between the two branches of Islam was not too rainbow, but serious conflicts on religious soil Muslims managed to avoid. Sunnites have always been more, such a situation is preserved today. It is representatives of this branch of Islam that the mighty in the past of the state, as the Omayyad and Abbasid Caliphants, as well as the Ottoman Empire, which was a real thunderstorm in Europe during his heyday.

In the Middle Ages, Shiite Persia was constantly hostile with the Sunni Ottoman Empire, which largely prevented the last to fully conquer Europe. Despite the fact that these conflicts were rather political background, religious differences also played in them not the last role.

The new round of contradiction between the Sunni and Shiites came out after the Islamic revolution in Iran (1979), after which theocratic regime came to power in the country. These events put an end to the normal relations of Iran with the West and the neighboring states, where the Sunnites were mainly in power. The new Iranian government began to conduct an active foreign policy, which was regarded by the countries of the region as the beginning of the Shiite expansion. In 1980, war began with Iraq, the overwhelming part of the leadership of which was occupied by Sunnites.

The new level of confrontation of the Sunni and Shiites came out after a series of revolutions (known as the "Arab Spring"), hiding in the region. The conflict in Syria clearly divided the warring parties by a confessional basis: Syrian President-Alavita protects the Iranian corps of Islamic guards and the Shiite Hezbollah from Lebanon, and confronts the detachments of Sunnikov militants who support the different states of the region.

What else differs the Sunni and Shiites

Sunnis and Shiites have other differences, but they are less fundamental. So, for example, Shahad, which is the verbal expression of the first pillar of Islam ("I testify that there is no God besides Allah, and testify that Mohammed is a prophet of Allah"), Shiites sound somewhat differently: at the end of this phrase they add "... and Ali - friend of Allah. "

There are other differences between the Sunni and Shiite branch of Islam:

• Sunnis honored the prophet Mohammed, and Shiites, in addition, are famous and his cousin Ali. Sunnis worship all the text of the Sunna (their second name "People Sunny"), and shiites only part of it, which concerns the prophet and members of his family. Sunni believes that the exact following Sunne is one of the main duties of Muslim. In this regard, they can be called dogmakers: even the details of the appearance of a person and its behavior are strictly regulated in Afghanistan.
• If the largest holidays of Muslims - Uraza-Bayram and Kurban-Bayram - are celebrated by both branches of Islam equally, the tradition of celebrating Ashura's Day at Sunni and Shiites has a significant difference. For Shiites, this day is a memorial.
• Sunnis and Shiites are different to such a norm of Islam as a temporary marriage. The latter consider it a normal phenomenon and do not limit the number of similar marriages. Sunnits consider such an institution illegal, as Muhammed himself canceled it.
• There are differences in the places of traditional pilgrimage: Sunni visited Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia, and Shiites - Iraqi En-Najaf or Kerbel.
• Sunnis must make five namaz (prayers) per day, and shiites can limit the three.

However, the main thing is the difference between these two directions of Islam, is the way of election of power and attitude towards it. Sunnis imam is just a spiritual person who is dominated by a mosque. A completely different attitude to this issue in Shiites. The head of Shiites - Imam is a spiritual leader that manages not only the issues of faith, but also politicians. It is as it should be over government agencies. And imam should come from the genus of the Prophet Mohammed.

A typical example of such a form of management is today's Iran. The head of Shiites Iran - Rakhbar is higher than the president or head of the National Parliament. It fully defines the policy of the state.

Sunnites do not believe in the infallibility of people, and Shiites believe that their imams are completely sinless.

Shiites believe in twelve righteous imams (descendants of Ali), the fate of the last of which (his name was Muhammad al-Mahdi) unknown. He simply disappeared at the end of the 9th century. Shiites believe that Al-Mahdi will return to people on the eve of a terrible court to bring order in the world.

Sunnis believes that after the death of the soul, a person can meet with God, and Shiites consider such a meeting impossible both in the earthly life of a person and after it. Communication with God can only be supported through Imam.

It should also be noted that the Shiites practice the principle of "Takia", which means pious hiding its faith.

Number and accommodation of Sunni and Shiites

How many Sunnists and Shiites in the world? Most of the Muslims living today on the planet belongs to the Sunni direction of Islam. According to different estimates, they range from 85 to 90% of the followers of this religion.

Most of all shiites live in Iran, Iraq (more than half of the population), Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Yemen and Lebanon. In Saudi Arabia, Shiism professes approximately 10% of the population.

Sunni make up the majority in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Afghanistan and other countries of Central Asia, Indonesia and in North African countries: in Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. In addition, the most Muslims of India and China belong to the Sunni direction of Islam. Russian Muslims also belong to Sunnites.

As a rule, there is no conflict between adherents of these currents of Islam in one territory. Sunnis and Shiites are often visited by the same mosques, and it also does not cause conflicts.

The current situation in Iraq and Syria is rather an exception caused by political reasons. This conflict is associated with the confrontation of Persians and Arabs, which goes out roots in the gloomy depth of centuries.

Alawita

In conclusion, I would like to say a few words about the religious group of Alawitov, to which the current ally of Russia in the Middle East includes Syria President Bashar Assad.

Alawitis is the course (sect) of the Shiite Islam, with which he is united by the reverence of the cousin of the Prophet, Khalifa Ali. Alavism originated in the IX century in the territory of the Middle East. This religious course has absorbed the features of Ismalism and Gnostic Christianity, and as a result, it turned out a "rattling mixture" from Islam, Christianity and various housesulman beliefs that existed in these territories.

Today Alawiths are 10-15% of the population of Syria, their total number is 2-2.5 million people.

Despite the fact that Alavism arose on the basis of shiism, it is very different from him. Alawitians celebrate some Christian holidays, such as Easter and Christmas, make only two namaz per day, do not visit the mosques and can use alcohol. Alawita is honored by Jesus Christ (Isa), the Christian apostles, they read the gospel on their worship services, they do not recognize Sharia.

And if the radical Sunnis from among the fighters of the Islamic state (ISIL) are not too well to shiites, considering them "wrong" Muslims, then Alawitov they are generally called dangerous heretics that should be destroyed. Attitude towards Alawitam is much worse than Christians or Jews, Sunni believes that Alawitis insult Islam in one fact of their existence.

Not too much known about the religious traditions of Alawitov, since this group actively uses the practice of Takia, allowing believers to fulfill the rites of other religions, while maintaining his faith.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them

Most religions are born as unified concepts that, under the influence of historical events and the development of initial ideas, can branch for several flows. This happened in one of the youngest world religions of the world - Islam.

For example, the Muslims of Shiites and Sunnites, the difference between their creeds was created artificially, in order to lay a minor of slow motion between the peoples who profess the prophet's covenants.

Yes, the most popular destination in it is Sunnism, but there are such trends as shisming, Sufism, Hargeism, Wahhabism, and others. Let's try to tell how many trends in Islam, and what fundamental differences exist between Sunnites and Shiites.

The main difference between the Sunni and Shiites is that the preaching of Islam Prophet Mohammed began in 610 and in 22 years he drew as many supporters in faith that after his death they created a righteous caliphate. And already at such an early stage of history, fermentation occur in the Muslim environment.

The reason for the dispute was the question of the supreme power in the new state.

Should the power of the son-in-law of Mohammed Ali Ibn Abu Taliba or Khalifa should be elected.

Supporters of Ali, which in the future and amounted to the basis of Shiites, argued that the community was right only to Imam, which, besides, should be a member of the Family of the Prophet. The opponents, in the future, the Sunnites appealed that neither in the Quran, nor in the Sunna there are no such claims.

Shiites insisted on her free interpretation, although only from the favorites. Sunnis is denied and insist that Sunna must be perceived in the form in which it is. As a result, the ruler of the righteous caliphate was elected Abu Bakr.

In the future, the dispute turned around the interpretations of the Sunna.

It is worth noting that shiites and Christians have always coexisted peacefully, unlike warrant Sunnis.

History of Shiites and Sunni

In general, it was only the beginning of the centuries-old, if not conflict, then the dispute and sometimes an ardent confrontation of Sunnis and Shiites. The most significant events are presented below:

In the future, the Shiite community continue to lead the imam, however, to a greater degree as a spiritual leader. The political authorities persisted for the Sunni rulers.

Who are such Sunni

Sunnis from Shiites differ in that they are followers of the largest flow in Islam (about 80-90% or about 1,550 million people). They constitute the majority in the Arab countries of Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, as well as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia and some other countries.

In Muslim countries (with the exception of Iran), the majority of the population make up Sunnis, while shiite rights can be significantly infringed. An example is Iraq. Sunnites and Shiites live in the state in the state, the number of which does not affect the internal policies.

The adherents of both currents consider Kerbla's sacred city and sometimes be entrited because of him. At the same time, the local population and pilgrims were subjected to various types of discrimination.

Recently, Shiites community increasingly declare themselves, seeking to overcome the economic and political domination of the Sunnis. Often this happens in aggressive form, however, and among the Sunnites, supporters of radical measures are found. Examples of this can serve the movements of the Taliban, ISIL.

Who are so shiites

In order to understand the irreconcilability of the creeds to which the Sunnites and Shiites include the difference of contradictions in Orthodox, you should know that the representatives of the second flow in Islam (about 10%) are refuted by the significance of Sunna in Islam.

Communities exist in a variety of countries, although most Muslims they constitute only in Iran. Shiites live in Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Yemen, Lebanon, Turkey and some other countries.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, Shiites community meets in Dagestan.

The name comes from Arabic word, which can be translated as a follower or adherent (however, the word "Shiya" can be translated as "party"). Since the death of Mohammed Shiites headed Imami, which, within the framework of this flow, special respect is given.

Even after the death of Hussein in 680, Imami continued to be heads of the Shiite community, although de-jura did not have political power.

However, Imama possessed and possess the colossal spiritual influence on Shiites. Especially they reveal the 11 first imams, as well as the 12th, so on. Hidden Imam. It is believed that Khasan (son Ali) had a son Muhammad, who was hidden at the age of five and appears on earth at the required moment. To come to Earth "Hidden Imam" should be like a Messiah.

In many ways, the essence of shisming is reduced to the cult of martyrdom.

In fact, it was laid in the first years of the formation of flow. This distinguishing feature of the course, in particular, used the organization "Hezbollah", which was the first to use suicide bombers in the 1980s, the Verption of Shiites.

The main differences between Sunni and Shiites

Despite the long history of the split, the main differences between the Sunnites and Shiites are not so much.

Relief Shiites, Sunnites and Alawitov

Currently, most of all Muslims (62%) live in the Asia-Pacific region (this is associated with the large population of Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh). Therefore, in the Middle East, the ratio of Sunnites to Shiites can be defined as 6 to 4. Although the ratio is achieved here at the expense of Iran's Shiite population.

Large Shiite communities with a number of over 5 million people live in Azerbaijan, India, Iraq, Yemen, Pakistan and Turkey. In Saudi Arabia, about 2-4 million shiites live. On the next card you can visually familiarize yourself with the ratio of Sunni (green) and shiites (purple) in various regions.

A detailed map of the spread of various currents in the Middle East is presented below.

Other flows of Islam

As can be seen, a significant number of communities adheres to other issues of Islam. Although their share in the total mass of Muslims is not so great, every course has its differences and features on which it should be stopped. First of all, we will focus on the currents divided by Mazhabam (the peculiarities of Sharia law).

Hanifiti

The course of Hanifite (Hanafitis) was founded by Iranian scientists Abu Khanif (VII century) and is distinguished by the presence of Ostrashana. Ostshankan means preference.

And it assumes the opportunity for Musulmanin to follow the traditions and religious customs of the terrain in which he lives.

To the question: "Is it possible to use Musulmanin GMO products?", Hanifit will answer that they should be focused on whether such products surrounding and act on the basis of their orders. Hanifitis most often live in Europe, South and West Asia.

Maliki

Malikita is distinguished from Hanifitis, only instead of Ostrashana, they use hopes (literally: convenience).

Malikita follow the Arab customs.

However, those or other rites may not be performed if there are significant obstacles and fectures of life in the region.

On the question of whether the Muslim is to use GMO products, Malikit will answer that they should be focused on how they come in Mecca, but if there is no unambiguous answer to this question, then the conscience should be applied.

The criterion for execution or non-fulfillment is the religious and moral conscience of a separate believer. Malikita live in North Africa, in the sugar zone, as well as in separate communities of the Persian Gulf.

Shafiites

Shafiites adhere to rational style in the field of Sharia law. If there is no answer to a non-standard situation in the Quran, Sunne, then look for it in precedents of history. Such a principle is called Ostshab (linking).

Accordingly, to a question about GMO products, Shafiti will look for precedents in history, to deal with the composition of products, etc. Most of the scaffold lives in the territory of Southeast Asia, in Yemen, East Africa, are often found among Kurds.

Hanbalita

Hanbalite stricter followed by Sunne and engage in its careful analysis to respond to domestic issues. In fact, this course is the most conservative, if not to say reactionary.

Hanbalite stricter followed by Sunne.

On the question of GMO products, Hanbalit, most likely, will answer that neither in Sunna, nor in the Qur'an, it is not said that such food can be used, therefore it should not be used. This course is official in the territory of Saudi Arabia, also occurs in a number of other countries.

Alawita

Read more should be given to the one who are Alawits, Shiites and Sunnites, the differences of which in Islam are interpreted to all the Lada Western historians of religion. An unequivocal opinion about whether to attract Alawitov to shiites or should be identified as a separate ethnic and religious group or ran out to the Sunnites, no. Alawita consider Ali (son-in-law Muhammed) by the embodiment of God.

Therefore, in addition to the Quran, the Holy Scriptures are the book Ali - Kitab al-Majmma.

In this regard, most of the other Muslims consider Alawitov to sectarians or kafirs, that is, incorrect, denying the most important dogmas of Islam.

Most Muslims consider Alawitov sectarians or kafirs.

Alavisma has many influences from other religions. So, there is an idea of \u200b\u200bthe reincarnation, according to which each man lives 7 rebirths (resettlement of the soul, including the animal body), after which it falls into the afterlife. Depending on the lifestyle, a person can get both heavenly and a demonic sphere.

There are about 3 million Alawitov in the world. , Most live in Syria, as well as Turkey, Lebanon and Egypt. The current Syrian President is Alavit.

Despite the differences, Shiites and Sunnites are not irreconcilable enemies. For example, most mosques not only allow joint prayers of Sunnites and Shiites, but also insist on a similar one. Let the root causes of Shiism were the desire to see Ali by the heir to Mohammed, and the supreme power to put the imams, but the historical process allows you to look at it and on the other hand.

To understand who are those shiites and Sunnites, what is the difference between the currents among Muslims, it is necessary to know that Islam has spread to a significant area for a fairly short period of time, while, at times, the distribution was extremely aggressive. Therefore, many local accepted Islam Shiite, in fact, introduce many of their beliefs into it.

A similar tendency is to remain part of the Islamic world, to designate what the difference between the Sunnites and Shiites, but at the same time to separate itself, remained in the future. The same Iran (Persia) officially accepted shism only in the XVI century, in order to separate himself from the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, Shiism again underwent some changes in the facilities of the ruling dynasty of Sefavidov. In particular, Ali Sharia noted that until the XVI century, Shiism was martyred (red shism), and later became mourning (black shism). Shiites This statement is perceived for a fair opinion.

, Iraq and Bahrain. Shiite creed adhere to different estimates from 27% to 35% of the population of Lebanon; up to 30% in Kuwait.

Shiism profess those living in Northern India and Pakistan National Baltic, as well as Burisha (Ismaili) and some Pashtun tribes: TUR (eng.)Most Bangasha (eng.) And part of Oraczayev (eng.). Most residents of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan are belonging to the Ismailithic stream of shisming (except for part of Yazghelets).

The number of shiites in Russia is insignificant. This area of \u200b\u200bIslam belongs to Dagestan Tatha living in the Republic, Lezgins of the village of Miscing, as well as the Azerbaijani communities of Dagestan. In addition, Shiites are the most of the Azerbaijanis residents in Russia (about 85% of the Muslim population in Azerbaijan are about 85% of the Muslim population).

Islam originated in the VII century and in the first century of its existence a single Muslim community (Umma) broke up into three directions - Sunnism, Shismism and Hargeism. The main criterion, which became an impetus for the split of the Islamic religion, initially lay on the question of the nature and nature of the supreme power in the Muslim state. Part of the Muslims formulated the concept according to which the power is transferred to the community decision (Umma) to the most respected Muslim from the Kurashitov tribe, to which the prophet Muhammed belonged. Another part of Muslims recognized the family and direct descendants of the Prophet (Ahl Al-byte) by his only legitimate heirs and spiritual successors.

In the early second half of the VII century, a religious and political group for the authorities, a religious-political group ( ash-Shia) Supporters of the rights of Ali and his children. This grouping became the core of the movement, which will later lead to the split of the Muslim community for two main parts - Sunni and Shiites. The split went beyond dynastic rivalry inside the caliphate, having a huge impact on the fate of the Muslim world. According to legend, the prophet Mohammed reported about the split of the Islamic community. As one Hadith says, the Prophet said: "Salted Jews to 71 sect. And split Noseland(that is, Christians - approx.) At 72 sects. And my um will split(that is, the community of believers. - Approx.) 73 sects ». There are different options for this Hadith, but they all report on the split of the Muslim community for 73 sects.

There is no generally accepted opinion on the emergence of the Shiite flow. Some believe that it originated during the time of the Prophet, the second - after his death, the third belongs to the birth of shisming for the times of Ali, others - by the period after his murder. As S. M. Prozorov notes ,. I. P. Petrushevsky believes that shisming has developed in a religious course in the period of time from the death of Hussein in 680 before approving the abbasid dynasty of the Abbasid dynasty in 749/750, and in the same period, the splits began in it. During the lifetime of the prophet itself the first to be called "Oh'ah" (i.e. "Shiit"), were Salman Al-Farisi and Abu Zarr al-Gifari, Al-Micdad Ibn Al-Asvad and Ammar Ibn Yasir.

Returning from his last pilgrimage, the prophet Muhammed, in the town of Gadir Humm, located between Mecca and Medina, made a statement to Ali. Muhammed said that Ali his heir and brother, and those who adopted the Prophet as Mavel, should take Ali as His Mavel. Muslim-Shiites believe that this way the Prophet Muhammed declared Ali with his successor. Sunni tradition recognizes this fact, but does not attach it great importance, while shiites solemnly celebrate this day as a holiday. In addition, as the Hadith says, the Prophet said: "I leave two valuable things among you if you stay them, never get lost: Quran and my genus; They never get off to the vessel's day. " . As evidence of Imamata Ali, Shiites lead another Hadith on how Mohammed, calling his closest relatives and tribesmen, pointed to Ali, which was still a boy, saying :.

The Prophet Mohammed died on June 8, 632 in his home in Medina. Almost immediately after his death, Ansarov Group gathered in one of the neighborhoods of the city to resolve the issue of successor. They later joined the associates of the Prophet Abu Bakr and Umar. At the meeting several persons (Sahaba Abu Zar Al-Gifari, Al-Micdad Ibn Al-Asvad and Persian Al-Farisi) made supporters of Ali's rights to Khalifat, but then they did not listen. Ali and the Muhammed family at this time were engaged in preparing the funeral of the Prophet. The result of the assembly was the election of Abu Bakr "Deputy Messenger of Allah" - caliph Rasui-L-Lah, or simply caliph. At the end of Abu Bakr recommended Umar as his successor, and the community unanimously swore him. Diya, Umar called the names of the six most respected Veterans of Islam (Ali, Usman Ibn Affan, Saad Ibn Abu Vakkas, ABD AR Rahman Ibn Auf, Talha and Az-Zubayar) and told them to choose from their Wednesday of the New Caliph. Usman was elected new caliph.

Shiites consider the first three caliphs by the usurpers that deprived the authorities of the only legitimate owner - Ali, and Harijiti, on the contrary, consider righteous caliphs only Abu Bakra and Umar. When in the middle of the 7th century, the Abbasid Dynasty, which originates from the uncle of the Prophet Al-Abbas, came to power in the Khalipheat, and its representatives began to perform with claims to legitimate power in the Muslim community, thus becoming competitors to the descendants of Ali. Abbasid Khalif al-Mahdi officially called usurpers of all four caliphs and announced that the Khalifat and Imamat after the death of the Prophet Mohammed belonged to Un-Abbas and his descendants. Sometimes first caliphs, starting with Abu Bakra, they tried to submit as "presidents" chosen by a democratic way. English researcher B. Lewis noticed that not only the second, but already.

In June 656, Muslims were displeased by Politics, Muslims besieged his house, and forty days later broke the inside and killed the caliph. Three days after the murder of Usman, Ali was elected new caliph. However, the governor of Syria and the secondary brother Usman, Muavia from the family of Omeyadov, refused to swear to the new Califa, as a person (as he believed), who had sought himself with a connection with the killers of Califa Usman. In addition to him, the nearest associates of the prophet, Shurin Talha Ibn Ubaidulla and the cousin of Az-Zubayar, and the spouse of Aisha's cousin were also performed against Ali. The rivalry between Ali and his opponents arose in the calipheat caused the first civil war (fitness). Talha, Az-Zubayar and Aisha failed to defeat Ali in the "Camel Battle".

The Siphfinskaya battle became the apogee of confrontation with Moavia. The battle was unsuccessful for Moavia, the victory was inclined to Ali. The position of Egypt's governor of Egypt Areme Al-Ase, who offered a pitch on a spear of the Koran scrolls. The battle was stopped. During these clashes, Ali lost 25 thousand, and Moavia is 45 thousand people. Among those who fought on the side of Ali and died in the Siphfin battle, there was one of the most famous associates of the Prophet Muhammad - Ammar Ibn Yasir. Ali agreed to the arbitration court, but he ended to no avail. The part of Ali's supporters, dissatisfied with his indecision and formed the Third Muslim Current - Harijite, who performed both against Ali and against Muabi. Yu. Wellhausen called the Shiites and Harijite party "Religious and Political Party of Opposition" Omeyadam.

In 660, in Jerusalem, Muavia was proclaimed by Khalif. In January 661, Ali was killed by Harijite in the Kufa Mosque. Over the next years after his murder, Moavi's successors cursed the memory of Ali in mosques and at the solemn meetings, and the followers of Ali repulsed the same three caliphs as usurpers, and the "Muabi dog".

The confrontation between Ali's house and Omeyads flashed again. Hassan was forced to go to the signing of an agreement with Moavia, according to the conditions of which, after the death of Moavia, the power over the Muslim community was to go back to Hassan.

The motive of the death of Usman became one of the reasons for which Hassan was not buried next to his grandfather, the Prophet Mohammed. Hassan wished to be buried next to the grave of his grandfather, but on the path of the funeral procession, the governor of Medina Marvan Bin al-Khaka, who forbid him to bury him next to the prophet as a punishment for the unworthy funeral of Usman, to which Hasan himself had nothing to do. In the ariser, threatened to grow into bloody, Muhammad Bin Ali persuaded the younger son Ali - Hussein to bury his brother next to the mother on the al-tank cemetery.

The treaty between Hassan and Moavia was strongly rejected by Hussein. He refused to swear Muabi, but he did not force him for the advice of Hassan. After the death of Moavia, the power went to his son Yazid I, to whom Hussein also refused to swear. The cofiys immediately brought the oath of Hussein in loyalty and called him to themselves. Surrounded by his relatives and the nearest people, Hussein moved from Mecca to Coon. In the way, he received the news that the performance in Iraq was depressed, but nevertheless Hussein continued his way. In the town of Nainava, Hussein's detachment of 72 people collided with the 40,000th Caliph army. In persistent battle, they were interrupted (many of the killed were members of the family of the Prophet Muhammad), including Hussein himself, the rest were captured. Among the dead more than twenty people were the closest relatives of Hussein and, accordingly, members of the Family of the Prophet, of which two Sons Hussein (Ali Al-Akbar (eng.) and Ali al-Askar (eng.)), six Brothers Hussein on Father, Three Sons of Imam Hasan and Three Sons Abdullah Ibn Jafar (eng.) (nephew and son-in-law Ali), as well as three sons and three grandson of Akila Ibn Abu Taliba (eng.) (Native Brother Ali, cousin and sugar prophet). The head grandson of the Prophet sent to Califa Yazid I in Damascus.

The death of Hussein contributed to the religious and political association of adherents of the genus Ali, and he himself became not only the symbol of the Shiite movement, but also the most important figure of the entire Muslim world. Among Shiites Hussein is considered to be a third imam. The day of his death is celebrated by the deepest mourning (Shahsey Wahsey). It is noteworthy that the commemoration on the day of Ashura occurs not only in Shiites, but in some places and the Sunnites. For example, in Central Asia, in particular in Fergana and Samarkand, among the Sunnis, especially women, Murdocks of local Ukrainians, there were special rites with reading religious poems about the death of Hussein, which were called Ashuri. The cult of Khasan and Hussein also exists among Muslim Sunni Schvitskaya school, in particular, in the Dean (India) and Indonesia. In Indonesian Muslims.

In the middle of the 7th century, the Horacan broke out against the Omeyadov, which led to their overthrow and approval in the authorities of the Abbasid dynasty, which took place from the uncle of the Prophet Mohammed. Initially, Abbasids did not occupy a solid position against the descendants of Ali and Fatima (alida), but soon there was not only political, but also the religious and ideological struggle for power between these groups. The first of the abbasids, who began to systematically exterminate aliders, became Khalif al-Mansur. After his death, in the secret celifers of the caliph, many corpses of executed alides were discovered. The labels clarified the identity of the executed person were tied to their ears. According to Muhammad Al-Mugnia, for the period of its reign of Al-Mansur destroyed over a thousand descendants of Ali and Fatima.

In a number of individual regions, which during Abbasids began to gradually disappear from the Caliphate, alida came to power. Thus, in 788, the greatness of Imam Khasan - Idris, who took part in the Alidian uprising in 786 in the Alidian uprising against Abbasid, created the state of Idrisids in the north of Morocco. Idrisida became the first dynasty formed by adherents of the zoteystrock of shisming. However, it was not the only North African state with Shiiteki. Elements of Shiism were also present in the religious representations of the Berber tribal confederation of Bargavat (eng.) .

The Khalif al-Mamoun who came to power in 813 began a policy of rapprochement with alidas. At his order in 816, the Eighth Shiite Imam Ali Ibn Musa was delivered from Medina to Horacean. Upon arrival of the latter, al-Mamun gave him Lakab ar-Riza And on March 24, 817, he proclaimed him with his heir (Vali'ahd). For Imam, Khalifa disgraced his daughter Umm Habib and crossed the union between the son of the cut, Muhammad, who was then six years old, and by his daughter - Umm al-Fazl. Moreover, al-Mamun ordered to replace the official black color of the abbasides on green - the color of Shiites, and also ordered the coins after the name of Ali Ar-Rhaza: "Ar-Riza, Imam Muslims." Al-Mamoun made attempts to achieve ideological on-natured Muslims - for the first time to formulate the official dogma of faith, which would satisfy the Sunnis and Shiites. In 827, the Shiite slogan "Ali - the best of people" was officially adopted - with the reservation "after Muhammad," and Muabi I was subjected to condemnation. The policy conducted by Caliph Al-Mamunoma met the opposition among the members of the Abbasid dynasty. Those proclaimed his uncle in Baghdad Khalifa - Ibrahim Ibn Al-Mahdi.

At the beginning of the IX century, the name is likely. imamites (al-Imamiya), other name of which isnasarites (al-Isa'aschaya). The first to be called Imamites were the Shiite theologian Ali Ibn Ismail At-Tamamar and Muhammad Ibn Halil As-Sakkak. Shiite doctrine by that time would noticeably spread through the Arab Iraq and neighboring areas with him. At the end of the X century, al-Khorezmi leads Babylonia as a classic sample of the Shiite region. Already in the X century Shiites were residents of Kuma. In the same period, Shiite became Basra, which in the 9th century could say: "Basra - for Osman, Coon - for Ali."

The territory of the Fatimid Caliphate against the background of the modern boundaries of Asia and Africa.

At the beginning of the X century, the Ismailitis uprising ("extreme shiites") was flashed on the territory of Iphrikia (modern Tunisia), led by the descendant Ali and Fatima. In January 910 in Rakkada (near Kiruana), Ubeidallah was proclaimed by Califa and Majdi. A few years later, in 929, Cordvian Emir Abd Ar-Rahman III also accepted the title of Califa and the "head of Orthodox". Thus, L. A. Semenova rightly notes. Fatimids not only established their power on the whole of the African coast, subdued for itself as Idrisides, but also spread it to Sicily. The Al-Azhar mosque was built on the board of Fatimids in Cairo and the University of the same name was founded, which later became the largest theological school in Egypt.

In the middle of the XI century, the power of the Ismailithic Sulaykhid dynasty is established on the territory of Yemen. In the XI-XII centuries, Ismailism was established in Mountain Badakhshan, and from the very beginning his followers were persecuted by representatives of the orthodox Sunni clergy.

In the 10th century, the Taida Dynasty (Buvakhidov), who put in abbasids on themselves, was elevated in anterior Asia. The buys belonged to the Isnacharist (two-sandenesen) directions of shisma. In their era, a certain systematization and intellectualization of Shiite theology occurred. At the same time, the buys show hostility to political opponents of Abbasid - Ismailitam Fatimidam. Shiites belonged to the state in the XIV-XV centuries in front Asia by the state of Kara-Koyunlu.

In 1943, the Muslim and Christian communities of Lebanon entered into an oral agreement, known as the National Pact, which laid the foundation of Lebanon as a multi-confessional state. In accordance with the National Covenant for Muslim-Shiite, one of the three main posts in the state is determined by the Chairman of the Parliament, while behind the Christian-Maronite and Muslim-Sunnith, the presidential posts and the head of government, respectively. In 1949, the progressive-Socialist Party of Lebanon was founded, the basis of which was dubbed.

In the second half of the 20th century, a new political alignment on a religious basis arose in the Islamic world. In the 1970s. Alawit minority came to power in Syria. In 1979, during the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the shaft regime was overthrown and a new form of the state device was established. The constitution declared the Constitution adopted after the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran that (Article 12). The establishment of the Shiite Islamic regime in Iran, remote equally from both the US and the USSR and the secular and Sunni regions in the region, has become a completely new factor in the political situation at that time. The revolution in Iran became one of the key events of the 20th century and had tremendous historical importance for the whole world.

The Iranian revolution with enthusiasm was met among the Bahrain Shiites. Some Shiite political figures formed the Islamic Front of the liberation of Bahrain (eng.), performing the idea of \u200b\u200bproclaiming in the country of the Islamic Republic, others demanded that the monarch consent to the formation of a new, Islamic government. Some began to even raise the issue of joining Bahrain to Iran. The answer to these sentiments was the campaign of the authorities against opposition forces, which carried antishite character. Many Shiite activists hit the grille. December 14, 1981 was announced to prevent the attempt of the state coup (eng.)In whose organization, the authorities accused Bahraintsev Shiites from among the members of the Islamic Front of Liberation, as well as "Homainers" from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Oman.

No smaller approach of the Shiite MASS The Islamic revolution caused both in neighboring Iraq. Back in 1968, the underground political movement "AD-DAAVA Al-Islamia" ("Islamic call") was founded in Iraq ("Islamic Call"), which launched in the 1970s. Armed struggle against the Baasist regime. The leader of the Iranian revolution of Ayatollah Khomeini openly called the Iraqi shiites to reset the ruling regime. Against the party of Dava, the Iraqi authorities launched cruel repressions. Even membership itself in this party caught the death penalty. They were arrested, and then executed Ayatollah Muhammad Bakir as-Sadda and his sister of Amina AS-Sadr. In 1991, after Iraq's defeat in the war in the Persian Gulf in the south of the country, Shiite uprising broke out (eng.) ("Intipad Shabania"), brutally depressed by the parts of the Iraqi army.

The Lebanese Shiite Militia Amal actively participated in resistance during the Israeli invasion of 1982. In the course of the Civil War in Lebanon among the Lebanese Shiites, another militarized group arose - Hezbollah, who advocated the creation of an Islamic state in Lebanon by Iran.

In 2002, there were armed struggles against the Central Government in the North-West Province of Saad in Yemen, in Yemen, Zheditis from among the Al-Huti grouping. The government accused the rebels in intention to overthrow the ruling authority and establish their power led by Imam. The rebels, in turn, argued that they only defend their community from discrimination by the authorities.

To strengthen the mutual understanding and formalization of the dialogue between the followers of the two branches of Islam (Shiism and Sunnism) in May 2011, the Sunnite-Shiite-Shi-Soviet Council was established in Jakarta with the support of the Indonesian government.

The prevailing direction in shiism are imamites, among which there was a split to Shiites-Binary and Ismailles (Ismailis). The following sects of the Imamites call the following sects: Bakirites, Wovensites, Aftahiti, Shumayritis, Ismaili-Wakifitis, Musavita and Isnasarites, while other heletsiographers (al-Ashari, Nabochti) allocate three main sects: Katita (subsequently ended with Isnasarites), Scheukkarites And Vakifitis.

Currently, the relationship between the two-one (as well as zeiditis) and other Shiish currents sometimes take tense forms. Despite similar moments in the creed, in fact these are different communities. Shiites are traditionally divided into two large groups: moderate (

There are many religions in the world, but even more each religion has branches. For example, in Islam, there are two large directions - the Sunnis and Shiites that have both theological and some political disagreements, which in our time turned into a full-scale war. However, now many researchers of this conflict understand that he is rather political. Muslims themselves may have already forgotten about him, continuing to live their lives, however, as it turned out, not so simple.

The rulers of the countries were published in the arena, which it turned out to recall the ancient hostility between these two currents, because the territory of some Islamic states turned out to be valuable by their resources. In addition, there was also political interest from the ruling tops of the easiest.

So, we will consider in more detail the historical prerequisites for the formation of the differences in Sunni and Shiites, as well as what all this led in the world today. It will be important to think about the background that suddenly broke out the strife between Muslims, why did this happen, why did it happen? All of this we will try to highlight in this article.

Prophet Mohammed - Founder Islam

As you know, before the appearance of Mohammed in the east was a multi-grade. After the Divine Epistles received from the archangel, the Prophet began to preach monotheism. His path was quite difficult, because people to the new religion reacted with distrust. The first followers of Mohammed were his wife Hadija, Neden Ali and two freedmen Zaid and Abu Bekr.

Further treatment of Arabs occurred difficult. The first public sermon Muhammed was performed in 610 in Mecca. According to historical research, it contained elements of Judaism and Christianity. However, it was a plus that she was read by rhyme, which greatly facilitated her perception for listeners, in most illiterate.

By the way, a holy book written from his words - Koran - contains biblical plots that are carefully revised from the point of view of Eastern tradition. Thus, Islam and Christianity have points of contact, even if they differ somewhat in a dogmatic plan. However, the main point is monotheism - is present in both.

After the resettlement of Mohammed to Medina, he gradually added new aspects into his religion, which soon led to the extraction of Islam from Judaism and Christianity. The minus in the development of Muslim was the fact that after the death of the prophet, the struggle for power began. All this led to the fact that the followers were divided into two camps - Sunnites and Shiites. This situation is maintained and at the present time, only the political separation led to the theological (truth, small).

The emergence of two large branches of Islam - Sunnis and Shiites

As can be seen, the prophet Mohammed had a really big impact on the formation of Islam in the form in which we know it now. However, after his death, some moments have changed from his teaching. The most important thing was that his place was four applicants, and everyone believed that his candidacy was the right one. However, the greatest conflict occurred due to the fact that some of the Muslims considered that his blood relative should be a follower of the prophet. Such was the son-in-law and cousin Mohammed - Ali. It is from here that the first differences in Sunni and Shiites occurred.

As can be seen, initially this separation did not apply to theological aspects. From the side of the Shiites flow (the Word itself is translated from Arabic, as "adherent, the follower Ali") was the denial of the time of the proclamation of the test of Mohammed, Abu. They believed that it would be right if they were a blood relative - Ali. However, this did not happen.

This split later led to the fact that in 661 Ali was killed. His two sons - Hassan and Hussein - also suffered the same fate. Muslims Shiites perceived the death of Hussein with the greatest tragedy. This moment is remembered by the Arabs every year (and both shiites and Sunnites, only for the latter everything is not so tragic). The followers of Ali are organized by real mourning processions, in addition, they use chains and sabers to apply to themselves.

The course of Sunnism

So, now we will tell more in more detail all about the course of the Sunnism. To date, this is the largest branch of Islam. It should be noted that the Muslims of Shiites and Sunnites, the difference of which was initially insignificant, now have some differences in the interpretation of the Quran - the Holy Book in Islam. For this flow, the literal understanding is characteristic. They are guided by Sunna. This is a special set of rules and traditions that rely on the real life of the Prophet Mohammed. All this is recorded by his followers and associates.

The most important thing in this course is strictly following the prescriptions recorded by the Prophet. Some similar directions even took extreme forms. For example, in Afghanistan Taliban, men were obliged to wear a certain beard size, as well as proper clothes. Everything had to be as described in Sunne.

In addition, the power in this course does not depend on whether the Chief of Mohammed is elected. It is simply choosing or prescribed. Imam for the Sunnis is a spiritual person who, besides, heads mosque.

It should be noted that there are four recognized schools in Sunnismum:

• malikitskaya;
• shavitskaya;
• khanafitskaya;
• hanbalitskaya;
• zahiritskaya (today this school has completely disappeared).

Muslim has the right to choose any of those presented above and follow it. Each of them has its own founder, as well as its followers. Below will be considered, in which states they are most popular.

Chiisma

As mentioned above, Shiism appeared as a result of a political split in Islam, when some followers of the Prophet Mohammed did not want to obey the chosen Califa, and not his blood relative. As a result of all this, some time, quite significant differences in this direction appeared, which finally divided the two branches of Islam.

For Shiites, it is quite possible to interpret the prescriptions of the prophet. However, this should have a person right. At one time, Shiites for this were "non-Muslims" and "incorrect" (and now it happens). This is the main differences in Sunni and Shiites.

The second largest difference is that its nephew - Ali is equal to the prophet for them. Consequently, the power passes only to the blood relatives of Mohammed.

Muslim-Shiites are studying only the part in Sunna, which refers to Mohammond and his relatives (in contrast to the opposite course, in which all the text is being studied). Also, the treatise of Akhbar is also important for them, which means the news of the prophet.

For the followers of Ali Imam is the descendant of the prophet and the spiritual leader. There is also belief that the Messiah will ever appear, which will appear as hidden imam. There is even a special legend about him, which tells that the twelfth Imam Mohammed, who disappeared in an adolescent circumstances in an adolescent age. And since then, no one has seen him. However, Islamic Shiites consider it alive. They believe that he is among people and someday comes to them and will lead.

What is the similarity of currents?

However, even considering all of the above, it can be noted that the flows are in principle the same. For example, Namaz Sunniov and Shiites can be performed together, in some mosques it is practiced especially. Both of these directions of Muslims are read and study Sunnu (contrary to the problem that shiites do not). Only followers of Ali follow the part in it, which is recorded from the members of the Muhammed family.

In addition, any distribution is forgotten at the time of Hajj. They make it together, however, shiite, in addition to traveling to Mecca and Medina, can still choose the place of pilgrimage in Kerbel or En-Najaf. It was there, according to legend, there are the graves of Ali and his son Hussein.

Distribution of Sunnis in the World

Muslim Sunni is considered the most common in Islam. According to official data, they account for all the number of believers about eighty percent (or somewhere about one and a half billion people).

Now consider in which countries and regions are the four main Sunnism schools. For example, Malikite school is distributed in North Africa, Kuwait, Bahrain. The Schief Direction is popular in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and there are large groups in Pakistan, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Ingushetia, Chechnya and Dagestan. The Khanafi course is distributed in Central and Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Egypt, Syria, etc. The Hanbalite direction is popular in Qatar and Saudi Arabia, numerous communities are available in the UAE, Oman and some other states of the Persian Gulf.

Thus, Muslim Sunnis have a significant distribution in Asia. There are also various communities in other countries around the world.

Countries that support shism

Those who are followers of Ali are considered small relative to the Sunnism, in the world of their no more than ten percent. However, in some cases they occupy whole countries. Shiites who live, for example, in Iran, in their numbers occupy almost all of its territory.

In addition, the followers of Ali are more than half of the population of Iraq, as well as most of those who confess Islam in Azerbaijan, Lebanon, Yemen, Bahrain. The more small number is observed in other countries of the East. For example, the number of Chechens-Shiite is gaining with the support of the authorities (of course, this event finds its dissatisfied). Many adherents of "pure religion" - Sunnism - consider provocative actions when the literature and the teachings of shisming are in free access, which leads to an increase in the number of believers.

Thus, it can be said that shiites are quite a serious political force, especially recently, when the inner confrontation between the two currents has resulted in a military uniform.

Muslims in Russia

Russia also lives a lot of people who profess Islam. This confession is the second by numerous in the state. Still, half the country is located in Asia, where this religion is one of the main. Sunnis in Russia are considered the most numerous branch of Islam. Shiites are much smaller, and they are mostly in the North Caucasus. There are also many among the followers of Ali Azerbaijanis who moved to Russia after the Soviet Union collapsed. You can still meet Shiites in Dagestan among Tatov and Lezgin.

Today, pronounced conflicts between different directions among Muslims are not observed (although in the world of this enough).

Military actions between currents

War of Sunni and Shiites held back for a long time. Yes, there were numerous clashes, but it never poured into a large massacre of the civilian population, with a lot of victims. For a long time, these two currents peacefully got along with each other. A new splash of intolerance began in 1979, when an Islamic revolution occurred in Iran.

Since then, many countries have been occupied by many countries in Islam, where residents are Muslims. For example, in Syria, the confrontation lasts for a long time. It all began as a struggle between the existing government and opposition, and turned into a bloody conflict between the Sunnites and Shiites. Since in Syria more Muslims of the first course, and the government was from the second, it would very soon be of great importance. In addition, the ruling top of this state supports Iran, shiites in which are a majority.

It should also be said about Pakistan, where recently a religious hostility is aimed at almost all other representatives of religious flows. The country's radical forces in the country is not only the Pakistani Shiites, but also Christians, and other confessions, which are presented in this state. After all, it was formed for all Muslims (counting and minorities who lived at that time on the territory).

An incessant conflict on the territory of Iraq should be noted. Only in 2013 in the state, more than six million civilians died. It is believed that this is the biggest figure over the past five years. You still have to say about the war in Yemen, where a significant part of the population is shiites.

As can be seen, a very large number of territories and countries are in conflict. However, is everything really simple? Is it really a natural course of events? Perhaps this is profitable? After all, the war is always someone's interests, and not always state. Often the conflict is needed when the mercantile desires of the power of items come up. After all, until now, all wars in the east are not settled, there are collisions with radical groups, there are a large amount of weapons in countries that is widely used.

Politics and Islam

As can be seen from the above material, the difference of the Sunni from Shiite is small. However, it was precisely this that ISLUM was divided into two opposing flows, which for several past decades had bloody conflicts in some territories of the globe. What started a long time ago continues until now, and the end is not visible.

It should be noted that in the War of Sunni and Shiites, an important role was played by the fact that considerable oil reserves were found on the territory of Islamic countries. Of course, it could not not be interested in the ruling tops of some other states. Today, many politicians argue that the whole conflict and was built under the West Program, in particular the United States. This state had its interest in these territories, not only the resource, but also a banal enrichment due to the supply of weapons of both the same and the other side of the conflict. In addition, there is a tight support for radical organizations (weapons and financially) on each territory of conflict, which naturally leads to an increase in chaos and violence.

So, if you want to understand the intricate conflicts in the East, then you should look much deeper. See that quite a lot of interested in the war continues. As they say, look for those who need it. For example, in the conflict in Yemen, the role of rulers in the region, who want to conquer leadership in the territories between Saudi Arabia and Iran. And this is not a war between the Sunni and Shiites, but a banal struggle for power and resources.

Conclusion

So, now we see what the differences in Sunni and Shiites are. Of course, all this is more in the heads of believers, because it is not so important to fulfill the entire arrow of the rules, much more important is what is happening in the shower. With the name of the Lord, many lawlessness in the world were going on in the mouth, and the story of that great evidence. It is very easy to register hostility between opposing currents, it is much more difficult to bring them to peace and tolerance.

In conclusion, you should remember the words of the Prophet Mohammed, which he said before his death. Namely, that not to become lost, do not chop your heads. Also, the Prophet commanded to convey this to all those who were not crowded. Perhaps it was the most important covenant, which very much needs to be remembered and observed now when the distribution swallowed our world. When the so-called "Arab Spring" flooded the eastern world, when bloody conflicts do not want to stop and dirty more and more ordinary people. Political scientists are looking at this situation with an increasing anxiety, as in this war there can be no winners.