KNOWLEDGE, -I, cf. 1. see know. 2. Results of cognition, scientific information. Various areas of knowledge. 3. The totality of information in some kind. area. A specialist with good knowledge. Expertly.

Watch value KNOWLEDGE in other dictionaries

Knowledge Cf. - 1. Possession of some. intelligence, knowledge of smb. // Possession of some. practical skills, abilities. 2. A proven result ........
Efremova's explanatory dictionary

Knowledge - see knowledge
Explanatory dictionary Kuznetsov

Knowledge Of The Business - general knowledge of the economy and the industry within which the subject carries out its activities, as well as more specific knowledge of how the subject functions.
Economic Dictionary

Knowledge - publishing house, Moscow. Founded in 1951. Popular science literature on various branches of knowledge (series "New in life, science, technology", "People's University", etc.).

Direct Knowledge - knowledge achieved by direct discretion, without justification by proof; in the history of philosophy it was understood either as sensual (Democritus, Epicurus, L. Feuerbach), ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Knowledge - the state, belonging of someone who knows something, the fruit of teaching and experience (V.I.Dal). In the ideas of Holy Russia, the highest knowledge is the understanding of good and evil according to the teachings of the New ........
Historical Dictionary

False Knowledge - (1 Timothy 6.20) -in the original: "false knowledge."
Historical Dictionary

Unconscious Knowledge - Knowledge, the possession of which a person is not aware, knowledge that is unexpressed (3).
Psychological encyclopedia

Declarative Knowledge - A term denoting any knowledge to which a person has conscious access and which can be expressed in one way or another. So when we learn to type, we rely on ........
Psychological encyclopedia

Living Knowledge - - see Living knowledge.
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowledge - (English knowledge) .1. The current result of open for discussion and criticism (within a certain community) study of problems, phenomena (according to the rules of description and norms of satisfaction, ........
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowledge Living - (English living knowledge) - the concept of "3. f." in the beginning. XX century used by G.G.Shpet (1914.1922), S.L. Frank (1915.1917.1923). Such knowledge m. B. both pre-theoretical, pre-scientific and post-theoretical, ........
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowledge Dating - (Knowlege of acquaintance) (direct knowledge). Such knowledge is sensory, intuitive and poetical. This is what James called knowledge gained through direct experience.
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowing How - See procedural knowledge.
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowledge About - (Knowlege about) (mediated knowledge). According to James, this is a higher level of knowledge, it is knowledge gained through abstract thinking. It is focused, intelligent ........
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowledge About Results - A very general term used to refer to information coming as feedback to: (a) a subject in an experiment regarding the correctness of his reactions; ........
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowledge of Death - - common in society ideas and concepts of death. Can be used in preventive work to prevent the formation of suicidal behavior .........
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowing Yourself - See I, see self (I, 2).
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowledge Through Acquaintance - Unlike procedural knowledge and declarative knowledge, this is the knowledge that we are aware of directly, knowledge about people, places and things, obtained from our sensations.
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowing What - Declarative knowledge.
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowledge, Declarative - Knowledge about the world, which can be presented as consciously known, factual knowledge. That is, knowledge that a person can declare; for example, "rose is a kind ........
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowledge, General - General knowledge of things in the world that are available independently of any specific events or episodes. This term is used interchangeably with the concepts of semantic ........
Psychological encyclopedia

Knowledge, Procedural - Knowledge of how to do something; knowledge that is operational, practical. Unlike declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge is outside the realm of consciousness ........
Psychological encyclopedia

when using materials www.psi.webzone.ru
This dictionary was created specifically for site users so that you can find any psychological term in one place. If you didn’t find any definition or, on the contrary, you know it, but we don’t have it, be sure to write to us and we will add it to the dictionary of the psychological portal "Psychotest".

Knowledge
KNOWLEDGE is the result of human cognitive activity. acts in the form of learned concepts, laws, principles. Knowledge can be empirical, insufficiently generalized and theoretical, reflecting the natural connections and relationships that exist in reality. Knowledge is also subdivided into scientific and everyday knowledge, meaningful and formally assimilated. Ya. A, Ponomarev identifies three types of knowledge: 1) contemplative and explanatory; 2) empirical; 3) efficiently transforming. The rule always justifies itself: knowledge frees from many mistakes. It is deep, versatile and at the same time concrete that are necessary for the development of an individual, its vitality, and increase the benefits that it brings to society. A large role in the acquisition, consolidation and expansion of knowledge belongs to self-education, independent work. Mastering the system of knowledge corresponding to the future specialty is a necessary prerequisite for achieving success in professional activity

List of random tags:
,
Personality - Personality is a relatively stable system of the individual's behavior, built primarily on the basis of involvement in the social context. Self-esteem is the core formation of the personality, which is based on the assessments of the individual by other people and his assessment of these others.
,
Anthropomorphism - Anthropomorphism (from the Greek, anthropos - man and morphe - view, image) - the desire to endow plants, animals, forces of nature, gods with human properties.
,
Psychopathy - PSYCHOPATHY (from the Greek. Soul and suffering, illness) is a pathological form of mental activity and behavior, which manifests itself in groundless anger, despair, doubts, uncertainty, in a tendency to somehow draw attention to yourself, in tearfulness, etc. Development of psychopathy the transferred congenital or acquired in early childhood inferiority of the central nervous system, extremely unfavorable life circumstances and social influences can contribute. Upbringing defects are especially important. The following types of psychopathy are distinguished: asthenic (characterized by increased irritability and rapid exhaustion); excitable (characterized by inadequate emotional reactions, a tendency to violent outbursts of anger); hysterical (characterized by increased emotionality, impressionability, suggestibility); paranoid (characterized by increased suspicion, distrust, high self-esteem, a tendency to overvalued ideas).

It is difficult, perhaps even impossible, to give a clear and comprehensive definition of what is "knowledge": firstly, this concept is one of the most general, and it is always difficult to give an unambiguous definition to such; secondly, there are many different types of knowledge, and it is impossible to put them in one row.

First of all, it is necessary to distinguish between knowledge-skill (practical knowledge) and knowledge-information. Knowledge-skill is also called "knowledge how". In this sense, we can say that I know how to play the guitar, how to ride a bicycle, etc. "Knowing how" is different from knowledge-information, or "knowing what." When I say, “I know that the angles of a triangle add up to two right angles,” “I know that a whale is a mammal,” I say that I have some information. "Knowledge of what" expresses and characterizes a certain state of affairs: the presence of certain properties, relations, patterns, etc., in objects.

It is easy to see that the concepts of truth and validity are inapplicable to "knowledge as". You can ride a bike well or badly, but can you do it true or false?

In epistemology, the main attention is paid to the analysis of knowledge-information, because only it can be unequivocally assessed as justified and unjustified, reliable and unreliable, true or false. Namely, the search for ways to substantiate knowledge, criteria for its reliability, truthfulness have long been the main motive for the philosophical analysis of knowledge.

Even ancient philosophers believed that knowledge cannot be false, since it is an infallible state of mind. Modern epistemology also considers knowledge to be true, although it does not appeal to such infallible, absolutely reliable states of consciousness. Simply the word "knowledge" in its meaning cannot refer to delusion or falsehood.

Taking all that has been said into account, let us try to clarify what knowledge is. Usually, when we say that we know something, then we assume that we have a correct and reliable idea about it. We are also convinced that our idea is not a delusion, an illusion, or just our own opinion. Finally, we can provide some rationale and arguments to support this belief. Thus, in ordinary life, we consider knowledge such beliefs that correspond to the real state of affairs and which have certain grounds.

The general spirit of this common sense understanding of knowledge is preserved in epistemology, which at the same time clarifies and clarifies the points inherent in this understanding. The standard epistemological interpretation that "the subject S knows an object P" includes the following three conditions:

(1) truth (adequacy) - "S knows P if it is true that P" I know that St. Petersburg is located north of Moscow if

St. Petersburg is indeed located north of Moscow. If I assert that the Volga flows into the Pacific Ocean, then this my assertion will not be knowledge, but an erroneous opinion, delusion.

(2) conviction (faith, acceptability) - "if S knows P, then S is convinced (believes) in P"

When I say, for example, that I know that there is a president in Russia, then I believe that he really exists. In ordinary cases, knowledge, in fact, is such a belief or such a belief, they cannot be separated. Imagine the situation: you go to the window and see that it is raining. You say, "It's raining, but I don't believe it." The absurdity of this phrase shows that our knowledge must include belief.

(3) validity - "S knows P when he can justify his belief in P" This condition allows you to distinguish knowledge from happy guesses or chance coincidences. Suppose you asked a six-year-old toddler, "How many planets are there in the solar system?" - and heard in response - "Nine". Most likely, you will think that he just randomly guessed the correct number. And if the child cannot substantiate his answer in any way, even with a reference to the fact that he heard this from his father, then you will assume that he does not have real knowledge of this fact.

So, in accordance with this "three-part" interpretation, we can give such a short definition: knowledge is an adequate and justified belief.

But even with this standard definition of knowledge, things are not easy. About 30 years ago, epistemologists came up with examples in which beliefs have all three characteristics of knowledge, but are still not knowledge. Let's give one of such simplest examples.

Suppose that an institute teacher saw that student Ivanov arrived at the institute in a very beautiful white "Zaporozhets". The teacher decided to find out at the seminar who has cars of this brand in the group. Ivanov said that he had a Zaporozhets, but none of the other students said that he had the same thing. Based on his previous observation and Ivanov's statement, the teacher formulated the conviction: "At least one person in the group has a Zaporozhets." He is quite convinced of this and treats his conviction as valid and reliable knowledge. But let us now imagine that in fact Ivanov is not the owner of the car and that he, having cheated, decided in this way to attract the attention of a pretty student. However, another student, Petrov, has a "Zaporozhets", but for one reason or another he decided not to talk about it. As a result, the teacher will develop a well-grounded (from his point of view) and corresponding to reality conviction when he considers that in this group at least one student has a "Zaporozhets". But this belief cannot be considered knowledge, since its truth rests only on chance coincidence.

To avoid such counterexamples, we can make our definition of knowledge more rigorous: require, for example, that beliefs that claim the role of knowledge are based only on such premises and data that can be considered reliable and infallible. Let's consider this position.

Knowledge is a reliable, true representation of something, as opposed to a probabilistic opinion. This opposition of opinion and knowledge was developed in ancient Greek. philosophy by Parmenides, Plato, etc. According to Aristotle, knowledge can be either intuitive or discursive, mediated by inferences and logical evidence. The problem of faith and knowledge is one of the central ones in the Middle Ages. theology and philosophy. The distinction between a priori and experimental (a posteriori) knowledge, introduced by scholasticism, was developed in the epistemological concepts of modern times.

Knowledge is a practice-tested result of cognizing reality, its true reflection in human thinking; the possession of experience and understanding that are correct both subjectively and objectively, and upon which judgments and conclusions can be built that seem reliable enough to be considered knowledge.

In addition to scientific, modern theory of knowledge distinguishes ordinary, mythological, religious, artistic, philosophical, quasi-scientific knowledge, considering them as equivalent to culture and equally necessary for understanding the essence of cognitive activity.

Ordinary or everyday knowledge is based on everyday experience, is well consistent with common sense and in many respects coincides with it. Ordinary knowledge boils down to stating and describing facts. As the universe of facts that a person knows about expands, i.e. with the development of science, philosophy, art, etc., the sphere of everyday knowledge also expands and changes. Everyday knowledge is the basis of all other types of knowledge, so its importance should not be underestimated.

Artistic knowledge is formed in the field of art and, unlike scientific or philosophical knowledge, does not seek to be evidence-based and justified. The form of existence of this type of knowledge is an artistic image. The main feature of artistic images is self-evidence and persuasiveness outside and independently of any evidence. In art, in contrast to science and philosophy, fiction is allowed and even welcomed. Therefore, the image of the world that is offered by art is always more or less conventional. But fiction exists precisely in order to more clearly and more expressively reveal some knowledge about reality. Of course, cognition is not the main function of art, therefore artistic knowledge exists as a kind of by-product. Nevertheless, it would be wrong to completely deny the epistemological value of art.

Mythological knowledge is a syncretic unity of rational and emotional reflection of reality. In mythological knowledge, knowledge and experience proper exist in indivisible unity, observations about the world around are not rationalized. Mythological knowledge is not so much an objective reflection of reality as a reflection of people's feelings about reality. In primitive societies, mythological knowledge played a very significant role, ensuring the stability of the primitive society and the transmission of meaningful information from one generation to another. With the help of mythological knowledge, primitive man structured reality, i.e., ultimately, cognized it. This initial mythological structuring of the world served as the basis for the subsequent emergence of rational forms of knowledge. Essential characteristic religious knowledge - connection with belief in the supernatural and emotionally imaginative

reflection of reality. In religious knowledge, the emphasis is on faith rather than proof and reasoning. The results of religious thinking are formulated in concrete, visual-sensory images. Religion invites a person to believe, experience and empathize, and not reflect and draw conclusions, offers absolute ideals, norms and values, in any case, it calls them as such. But any developed religious system, as well as philosophy, has the character of an intelligible ideological doctrine. Religion, being one of the options for answering ideological questions, presents its own version of the picture of the world.

Main feature philosophical knowledge is its rational-theoretical form. Philosophy's view of man and the world is a view of objectivity and reliability, the point of view of reason. Philosophy from the very beginning arises as a search for wisdom, meaning the harmony of knowledge about the world and life experience. Instead of the image and symbol characteristic of myth, philosophy offers rational concepts and categories. In early philosophy, the beginnings of a new theoretical, objective knowledge and mythological concepts are intertwined in a bizarre way.

In addition to those already listed, there is another special type of knowledge that combines the features of artistic, mythological, religious and scientific - quasi-scientific... At the same time, quasi-scientific knowledge is an independent cultural phenomenon, irreducible either to science, or to philosophy, or to religion, or to art. Quasi-scientific knowledge is presented in mysticism and magic, alchemy, astrology, esoteric teachings, etc. Quasi-scientific knowledge performs specific compensatory functions in culture, allowing a person to find psychological comfort in a rapidly changing, difficult to predict reality.

All of these types of knowledge differ from each other in form and content, i.e. exist relatively independently of each other. The theory of knowledge reveals the specific features of each of them, correlates with other cultural forms and determines their place in the cultural universe.

When we were still children, we often heard the parents' phrase: “Go to school for knowledge”! Even then, being young, we did not understand what knowledge is and why we need it. We thought that knowledge, to a greater extent, was needed by parents, and not by ourselves. Moving further along the path of life, we grew up with the feeling that knowledge is necessary. And they really help us, although in fact we very rarely think about what kind of knowledge we have.

Knowledge cannot be limited. Knowledge and knowledge exist beyond the horizon of any science. But each specific science has knowledge. Wise philosophy, thirsty religion, ambitious politics, mysterious mythology ... they all contain knowledge. There is also knowledge based on concepts, symbols, art, images.

Historically, it is believed that at the origins of knowledge, a person had a playful knowledge of the world around him. This knowledge was based on the concept of rules and set goals, and it helped to lift the veil of beauty, as if to raise a person above being, not think about his own profit, honor himself and behave like a new person who has something that cannot be touched, but this "something" gave more to people than material values. This helped to grow psychologically, helped to become more receptive to the concepts of "beautiful" and "terrible". This opened the boundaries of the relationship of our ancestors. Even at that time, knowledge was subdivided into: extra-scientific (everyday), scientific, everyday-practical (there is ordinary human common sense), religious (regardless of religion), intuitive (inherent in all peoples, the entire human race as a whole).

Knowledge and its formulation

Exploring dictionaries, you can find several formulations of this term.

• Knowledge is formulated information that is relied upon or used in the process of finding an answer to a problem.
• Knowledge is the definiteness of the subject area (connections, principles, patterns), which are obtained as a result of practice and professional (quality) experience, they allow experts in their field to set tasks and solve them in a certain path.
• Knowledge is well-organized materials, or material data, or metadata.
• Knowledge (subject area) is a description of something, the environment of objects, necessary facts, events, as well as the relationship between them.
• Knowledge (artificial intelligence) is a group relationship of something, shown through a qualitative definition of an object. Scientific work in the database industry provides quality access to a huge number of object type names.

What is knowledge? Knowledge, the sages say, is organized and understood, what helps us not to make mistakes, what makes our life more comfortable and safe. But it is worth noting that knowledge is understood subjectively. This means that you, as a reader, will understand the information coming from outside in your own way and apply it later in your own way. The following expression follows from this rule: "Knowledge is not as important as interest, it is interest that makes a person receive true knowledge." But even no matter how we apply our knowledge, we must adapt it as much as possible to our life.

Here a person has matured and then the question comes: "What does knowledge give?" The answer is very simple. Knowledge transforms, old knowledge asks for renewal. The realities of modern life are asking for the latest discoveries. The best discovery of any person will be the knowledge of himself. Knowledge can free a person from the chains of ignorant life, give an understanding of what is really happening in the modern world and what happened even before his birth. Knowledge makes a person, as a living being, someone whom we enjoy listening to, whose works we read, makes us a reasonable person. Only by acquiring knowledge do we reflect on the origins of the universe, looking for answers to seemingly unanswered questions. And we find these answers! How many people have already learned! We learned to fly, learned to anticipate the elements, discovered penicillin! And this would not have happened if a person had not developed and acquired knowledge. Knowledge catalyzes the person himself, making him wiser and more adapted to life and different circumstances.

What is scientific knowledge

Scientific knowledge is a system of human ideas about the laws of nature, society, about oneself.

Scientific knowledge is divided into:

• empirical (obtained as a result of the experience of the person himself, as a result of his observations)
• Theoretical (this knowledge is obtained only as a result of the analysis of any, possibly abstract models).

Scientific knowledge in one case or another must always be based on an empirical or theoretical platform.

Theoretical knowledge is all that shows us how certain processes occur in life. People use this knowledge as a forecast for the behavior of objects.

And why do we need knowledge in our seemingly routine everyday life? It seems that everything beautiful is open, all the stars are counted, all discoveries have been made. But this is not so - there is always a loophole where we can define something ourselves. An example is such a bright personality as Bill Gates. He opened us the limitless possibilities of using a personal computer! And we are contemporaries of these discoveries. We can, too, bring something, we can change something. We should only wish it!